INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN DETERMINATIONOF ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL QUASI-HOMOGENEOUS ZONES WITHIN AMONOLITHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AT THE “OTINJA” DAM SITE

Authors

  • Ljupče Kulakov Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Blvd. Goce Delcev 89, MK-2000 Stip, Republic of North Macedonia; Geohidroinženering LLC, Skopje, Str. 1606, No. 8, MK-1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
  • Goše Petrov Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Goce Delcev University – Stip, Blvd. Goce Delcev 89, MK-2000 Stip, Republic of North Macedonia
  • Ǵorgi Dimov Faculty of Natural and Technical Sciences, Goce Delcev University – Stip, Blvd. Goce Delcev 89, MK-2000 Stip, Republic of North Macedonia
  • Igor Peševski Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Blvd. Partizanski odredi 24, MK-1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46763/

Keywords:

mapping; discontinuities; cadaster; classification; sclerometer; excavation

Abstract

This study presents the results from research of influence of structural-geological properties for defining engineering-geological quasi-homogeneous zones within the monolithological granite environment of the Otinja dam site. For this purpose, a series of field investigations and tests were carried out, which consisted of detailed geological mapping of the foundation pits and core from exploratory boreholes, as well as sclerometer tests of the rock. In addition, cadastres of discontinuities and sclerometer tests were formed. Based on a detailed analysis of obtained data, four quasi-homogeneous zones were distinguished within the granite massif. In addition, the excavation conditions for each of these quasi-homogeneous zones were defined. By preparing engineering-geological maps and profiles, their representation on the surface and in depth was defined. By analyzing fracturing contour diagrams, the influence of dominant fracture systems in different parts of the terrain was determined. It has been concluded that the greatest influence on the fracturing degree is exerted by the faults on the right flank of the dam site, where five different fracturing systems are present. It has also been determined that the degree of fracturing in zones with leucocratic granites is significantly lower. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ait Baha, A., Amri, I., Ouabid, M., El Kadiri, K., Sousa, L. M. O., Tobi, A., Mazouar, A., & Moumou, A. (2025). Petrographic, physical–mechanical and fracture modeling of granites: An integrated approach to evaluating the stone reserves and mineral deposits of Ment Granite (western Meseta. Cental Massif of Morocco). Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 84 (5) Id. 252.

DOI: 10.1007/s10064-025-04278-z.

Aswar, D. S., Ingle, G. S., Ambadkar, S. D. (2022): Geological characterization of potential dam sites, Internatiional Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences, 11 (8), 3067–3074.

Aydin, A. and Basu, A. (2005): The Schmidt hammer in rock material characterization. Elsevier Engineering Geology 81(25), 1–14, www.elsevier.com/enggeo

Aydin, A. (2009): ISRM Suggested method for determination of the Schmidt hammer rebound hardness. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 46 (3), pp. 627–634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.01.020

Barton, N., Choubey, V. (1977): The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock Mechanics, 10, pp. 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01261801

Best, E. J., (1981): The influence of geology on the location, design and construction of water supply dams in the Canberra area, BMR. Mineral Resources Journal of. Australian Geology and Geophysics. 6 (2), 161–179.

Best, E. (1984): Dams, engineering geology, In: Finkl, C. (eds), Applied Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA.

https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30842-3_15

DIPS v5.0 software (2004) Rocscience Inc. 54 St Patrick St, Toronto, ON M5T 1V1, Canada.

Dumurdžanov, N., (1999): Structural Ggeology. Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Minig and Geology, Štip, 248 p. [in Macedonian].

Dumurdžanov, N. and Petrov, G. (2005): Geological Mapping. Sts. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Minig and Geology, Štip, 298 p. [in Macedonian].

En-Chao Y., Hiroki S., Taichi N., Ka-Hao I., Sheng-Rong S., Jih-Hao H., Weiren L., Tetsuro H., Chien-Ying W., Kuo-Fong M, Wonn S., Masataka K. (2007): Core description and characteristics of fault zones from Hole-A of the Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault Drilling Project. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 18 (2), 327–357.

Engin, O. (2026): Uniaxial compressive strength prediction in rocks: a comprehensive review from empirical equations to AI methods. Acta Geophysica, 74 (80).

Franklin, J. A., Broch, E., Walton, G. (1971): Logging the mechanical character of rock. Transactions of the Institut. Min. Metallurgy. 80 (9).

Jiongchao, W., Jun Z., Qing L., Jichao, G., Mingming H., Jianghui D. (2020): A multidimensional clustering method for dividing mass homogeneous regions based on the shape dissimilarity of trace maps, Springer Verlag GmbH, Australia, part of springer nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02145-9

Jovanovski, M., Gapkovski N., Peševski, I., Abolomasov, B., (2012): Engineering Geology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Skopje, 672 p. [in Macedonian].

Jovanovski, M., Gapkovski N., Peševski, I., Abolomasov, B., (2012): Engineering Geology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 672 p. [in Macedonian].

Jovanovski, M. (2018): Basic project for an embankment dam with associated facilities “Otinja” – Štip, Subject 4 – Elaborate for geotechnical investigations and tests for the preparation of a basic project. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Skopje, 60 p. [in Macedonian].

Hoek, E. (1994): Strengths of rock and rock masses. ISRM News Journal, 2 (2), 4–16.

Hoek, E., Carter, T. G., Diederichs, M. S. (2013): Quantification of the Geological Strength Index Chart. 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium held in San Fran¬cis¬co, CA, USA, 4 (1) 1757–1764.

Keikha, T., Keykha, H. A. (2013): Correlation between Mineralogical Characteristics and Engineering Properties of Granitic Rocks, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran 34 (18), 4055–4065.

Lozano, A. (2025): Schmidt hammer, Geoinstruments, S.A.C. 1963 rue Franc - Carrel, Suite 203, Quebec City, Canada

Marinos P. and Hoek, E. (2000): GSI: A geologically friendly tool for rock mass strength estimation. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4 (1), 1422–1446.

Paige, S. (1950): Application of Geology to Engineering Practice. Berkey Volume, New York: Geological Society of America, 327 p.

Palmstorm, A. (2001): Chapter 2. Measurement and Characterization of Rock Mass Jointing, In-Situ Characterization of Rocks Editors: V. M. Sharma and K. R. Saxena. A. A. Balkema Publishers / Abingdon / Exton (PA) / Tokio. 40 p.

Stapeldon, D. H. (1976): Geological hazards and water storage, Bull. Internat. Assoc. Eng. Geology, 14, 249–262.

Staněk, M. and Géraud, Y. (2019): Granite microporosity changes due to fracturing and alteration: Secondary mineral phases as proxies for porosity and permeability estimation. Solid Earth, 10 (1), 251–274.

Ulusay, R., Hudson, J. (2007): The complete ISRM suggested methods for rock categorization, testing and monitoring 1976–2006, ISRM Turkish National Group, Ankara, Turkey, 628 p.

Vasarhelyi, B., Somodi, G., Krupa, A., Kovacs, L. (2016): Determining the Geological Strength Index (GSI) using different methods, Eurock 2016, Turkish National Society for Rock Mechanics.

Xiao, Y., Feng, X., Hudson, J., Chen, B., Fenng G., Liu, J. (2016): ISRM Suggested method for in situ microseismic monitoring of fracturing process in rock masses, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 49, 843–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0859-y

Zhang L. (2016): Determination and applications of rock quality designation (RQD). Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. www.rockgeotech.org

Downloads

Published

2026-06-01

How to Cite

INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL-GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN DETERMINATIONOF ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL QUASI-HOMOGENEOUS ZONES WITHIN AMONOLITHOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AT THE “OTINJA” DAM SITE. (2026). Geologica Macedonica, 40(1), 49-60. https://doi.org/10.46763/