Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences
Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences (ЈАРЅ) is an international journal for publication of scientific, professional and applicative achievements in agriculture and plant sciences. The journal is publishing original research papers, review articles, short communications, professional and technical papers and book reviews. The journal is publishing results from fundamental, applicative and technical research in broader area of agricultural and plant sciences.
GOCE DELCEV UNIVERSITY, STIP, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
The intellectual property and copyright on the original content of all scientific contributions in the published paper shall remain with the authors. Authors give permission to the JAPS owner to publish the paper. All authors agree to publish the paper under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Journal Editor Board, Content and Editor in Chief Introduction
Copyright (c) 2026 Fidanka Trajkova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
POST-HARVEST DRYING OF Cannabis sativa L. FLOWERS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRESERVATION AND EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCHEMICALS
Drying is one of the most critical post-harvest operations in cannabis processing (Nakra et al., 2025; Das et al., 2022) because it directly influences microbiological stability, phytochemical preservation, storage behavior, and downstream extraction performance. Cannabis spp. inflorescences contain high initial moisture levels and a complex mixture of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds that are highly sensitive to environmental conditions during post-harvest handling. Improper drying may result in microbial contamination, terpene volatilization, cannabinoid degradation, structural damage to glandular trichomes, and reduced extraction efficiency. Environmental parameters including temperature, relative humidity, airflow velocity, and drying duration strongly influence moisture migration kinetics and overall flower quality. This review evaluates the influence of drying technologies and drying conditions on the physicochemical properties of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences with emphasis on cannabinoid stability, terpene preservation, structural changes of plant tissues, and extraction performance. Particular attention is given to controlled tray drying systems because of their increasing relevance in standardized cannabis processing operations. The review additionally discusses moisture migration mechanisms, drying kinetics, residual moisture behavior, and non-invasive monitoring approaches based on weight reduction during drying. Current challenges and future perspectives for optimization of cannabis drying methodologies are also discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angel Cvetanov, Krume Bogevski, Viktorija Maksimova, Emilija Janevik Ivanovska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS AND CROP RESPONSE IN BARLEY AND CHICKPEA GROWN UNDER CARBON-FARMING AND CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES: A REGIONAL ASSESSMENT IN NORTH MACEDONIA
Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents a key indicator of soil health, fertility, and the capacity of agroecosystems to contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. Within the framework of the CARBONICA project, this study evaluates SOC dynamics in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivated under contrasting management systems, carbon farming (CF) and conventional practices, across representative pilot sites in North Macedonia. Soil sampling was conducted from the 0-20 cm layer using a stratified composite approach that accounted for crop type and management regime. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content was determined using the validated Walkley–Black method, focusing on the biologically active organic carbon fraction, while total nitrogen (TN) was quantified using the Kjeldahl method. Experimental setups included four treatment variants: chickpea under CF (B2) and conventional management (B3), and barley under conventional (B4) and CF practices (B5). The results revealed distinct temporal and management-dependent patterns in SOC dynamics. In barley systems, SOC declined during the monitoring period under conventional management, decreasing from 1.34% at the start-point to 0.89% at the end-point. In contrast, carbon-farming practices promoted a substantial increase in SOC, from 1.25% to 1.68%, indicating enhanced carbon sequestration potential. Similar trends were observed in chickpea systems, where SOC under CF increased from 1.18% to 1.57%, while conventional management resulted in a decline from 1.22% to 0.91%. Total nitrogen exhibited distinct crop- and management-dependent dynamics. In barley, TN decreased from 1.27 to 1.01 mg g⁻¹ under conventional management but increased from 1.28 to 1.36 mg g⁻¹ under carbon-farming practices. In contrast, chickpea showed progressive nitrogen enrichment throughout the growing season, reaching 1.41 and 1.45 mg g⁻¹ under conventional and carbon-farming management, respectively. The study provides region-specific evidence supporting the implementation of regenerative agricultural practices for improving soil quality, increasing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable land management in North Macedonia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Biljana Balabanova, Verica Ilieva, Sasa Mitrev, Blagoja Mukanov, Mario Petkovski, Jovana Milosavljeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENT CONTENT IN TWO VARIETIES OF Humulus lupulus L.
Humulus lupulus L. has gained strong scientific interest due to its rich phytochemical profile and diverse biological activities. Among its bioactive constituents, bitter acids have been extensively investigated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects, highlighting their potential therapeutic value in the prevention and management of various health conditions. This study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of the bioactive component content in two Humulus lupulus L. varieties, Herkules and Aurora, as their chemical composition represents a key determinant of the potential application not only in the brewery industry but also in herbal pharmaceutical products. The experimental analysis was conducted using an internally standardized spectrophotometric (UV/Vis spectrophotometer Cary 60 UV-Vis, Agilent Technologies, USA) and gravimetric method, routinely used as an analytical approach in the brewing industry. Diethyl ether extracts, consequently diluted in methanol, were assessed by measuring UV absorbance at wavelengths of 355 nm, 325 nm, and 275 nm. Absorbance at 355 nm predominantly reflects the presence of α-acids (humulones). Measurements at 325 nm are used to quantify oxidized bitter acid derivatives and related soft resin fractions, while absorbance at 275 nm enables the assessment of phenolic constituents and other resinous compounds that may interfere with the analysis. The combined use of these three wavelengths enables selective and more accurate spectrophotometric determination of α-acids in hop extracts. The content of total resins, soft resins, hard resins was determined gravimetrically. The results revealed differences among the analyzed samples, reflecting variability in their chemical composition, emphasizing differences in the content of bioactive components in the two examined varieties. One of the varieties exhibited a higher concentration of α-acids, suggesting a potentially greater biological activity. In conclusion, the obtained results highlight the importance of cultivar-dependent variations in Humulus lupulus and their implications for both phytotherapeutic and brewing applications. The present findings highlight the importance of improved characterization of the chemical profiles of hop varieties, which may support their targeted utilization and warrant further detailed research into their therapeutic potential and role in rational phytotherapy.
bitter acids, hop extracts, phytotherapy, spectrophotometric analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Matea Kuzmanoska, Tatjana Risteska, Viktorija Maksimova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AGROECOLOGICAL CONDITION AND FUNCTIONALITY OF WINDBREAK BELTS IN THE OVCHE POLE REGION
Windbreak forest belts in the Ovce Pole region were established approximately 65 years ago, aiming to protect agricultural land, reducing wind erosion, and improving the local microclimate. Due to their advanced age, insufficient maintenance, agricultural intensification, anthropogenic pressures, and the impacts of climate change, many of these belts have experienced a decline in their protective and ecological functions. The aim of this study was to assess the current agroecological condition, structure, and functionality of selected windbreak belts in the Ovce Pole region, with particular focus on the Municipality of Sveti Nikole. The research methodology combined a review of relevant literature, field observations, GPS-based georeferencing, morphometric measurements and dendrological analysis of vegetation condition. The assessed indicators included belt continuity, species composition, the proportion of cut and dry trees, the occurrence of dieback, grass cover, trampled vegetation, and the presence of leaf necrosis and chlorosis. The results from this research show that a considerable proportion of the investigated belts is degraded, fragmented, or affected by illegal cutting, natural senescence, drought stress, and inadequate management. The study confirms the importance of windbreak belts for agroecosystem stability and highlights the need for systematic restoration, strengthened institutional protection, and long-term maintenance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jordancho Dimitriev, Fidanka Trajkova, Ljupco Mihajlov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
IMPACT OF WEED FLORA ON APHID AND THRIPS OCCURRENCE IN PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) IN THE STRUMICA REGION
During 2024 and 2025, a research at two localities in the Strumica region (Kuklish and Borievo) was conducted in order to determine the qualitative composition of weed vegetation, their density and their role as reservoirs for aphids and thrips. Weed surveys were conducted using 1 m² plots randomly placed around pepper fields, while aphid and thrips occurrence was assessed through regular visual inspections during the growing season. A total of ten weed species belonging to nine botanical families were identified in Kuklish and eight species in Borievo, around pepper fields. The most dominant species in both localities in 2024 were Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Chenopodium album Linn., and Amaranthus retroflexus L. In 2025, the dominant species in Kuklish were G. parviflora, C. album, and Cyperus rotundus L., while in Borievo they were G. parviflora, C. album, and Capsella bursa-pastoris L. Weed density was higher in Kuklish than in Borievo, reaching 81.6 ± 11.19 and 62.0 ± 9.08 plants/m² in 2024, and 83.4 ± 15.69 and 70.8 ± 5.63 plants/m² in 2025, respectively. Aphids and thrips were recorded on both weeds and pepper plants, with higher infestation levels observed in Kuklish than in Borievo during both years. The number of infested pepper plants varied during the growing season. In both years of research and at both locations, thrips were more abundant than aphids. The results of the research showed that there was a strong positive correlation between the density and the abundance of aphids and thrips, especially thrips (r=0.823, p<0.001) and aphids (r=0.747, p<0.001), suggesting that weeds may act as alternative hosts for aphids and thrips. Therefore, effective weed management should be considered an important component of integrated pest management strategies in pepper production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dusan Spasov, Nikola Spasov, Dragica Spasova, Sasa Mitrev, Emilija Arsov, Biljana Atanasova, Biljana Kovacevik, Mite Ilievski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
SOIL AGGREGATE STABILITY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SIZE FRACTIONS OF BLACK SOLDIER FLY DERIVED COMPOST
An incubation experiment was carried out to observe the effects of black soldier fly larvae derived compost (BSC) on aggregate stability with respect to mean weight diameter (MWD) and the changes in soil organic matter (OM), exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents. To achieve the goal, sandy loam surface was incubated with BSC having two different size fractions (e.g., <125 µm and 250–500 µm) at the rates of 1% and 2% (w/w) on the dry weight basis. The MWD of soil aggregates was measured by wet sieving method. The results of the experiment revealed that the MWD potentially improved with the application of BSC, especially at higher application rates and with finer particle sizes. When compared to the control, the soil OM content was found significantly (p<0.05) higher in all BSC treatments, with finer fraction (<125 µm) showing the maximum increases. The contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg were also found to be higher in BSC treated soils with better response at higher rates of incorporation and fine manure fraction. Multiple linear regression revealed that the MWD was positively associated with OM, Ca and Mg, though the effect was significant as for Ca and Mg (p<0.05). Besides, soil OM was positively related with the concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg with significant (p<0.05) effect as for exchangeable Ca only. Overall, this research highlights the potential of BSC as an amendment to improve stability of soil aggregates as well as the availability of nutrients for sustainable crop production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Sher Mahmud, Sajal Roy, Azizul Hakim, Muhammad Munawar Anjoom Rahee, Nazia Anwar, Md. Aktaruzzaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INSIGHTS INTO THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DISTRIBUTION OF REPETITIVE DNA SEQUENCES AND THE FLOWERING TIME OF MAIZE
Over 80% of the maize genome consists of repetitive DNA, primarily transposable elements (TEs) and satellite DNA (satDNA). While satDNA organizes major heterochromatic blocks, TEs drive genomic changes and influence gene expression and recombination rates. Although recent literature suggests that the repetitive fraction may modulate flowering time, a complex quantitative trait involving hundreds of regulatory genes, the specific relationship between this repetitive DNA fraction and flowering remains poorly understood in maize. We investigated genomic differences between maize germplasms with contrasting flowering phenology. First, satDNA content (via FISH) and DNA C-values (via flow cytometry) were estimated for a collection of maize of composite origin. Subsequently, in silico mapping of satDNA and TEs was performed using genomes from the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) founder lines. These repetitive sequences were analysed in relation to 14 core flowering-time genes in the sequenced samples. Our findings revealed significant karyotypic variation in the satDNA fraction among samples, despite relatively constant DNA C-values. In silico mapping analysis identified frequent TE insertions within both exons and introns of the 14 target genes, exhibiting high polymorphism across the different inbred lines. The comparison between satDNA array accumulation and total genome size did not reveal a correlation with maize flowering time, contrary to previous hypotheses. However, the high variability of TE insertions within regulatory genes suggests that these mobile elements are primary candidates for driving the phenotypic diversity observed in maize flowering cycles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliana Machado da Silva, Rafaela Rodrigues Pinheiro, Lucas Johnen, Lívia do Vale Martins, Josué Maldonado Ferreira, Mateus Mondin, André Luis Laforga Vanzela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Journal Editor Board, Content and Editor Introduction
Copyright (c) 2025 Fidanka Trajkova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW OF MICROPROPAGATION OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) AND CUCURBITS (Cucurbita spp.)
Micropropagation is a key biotechnological method for rapid and large-scale propagation of horticultural crops. Nowadays, micropropagation plays a key role in production of disease-free plants, conservation of genetic resources and it is an essential tool in crop breeding programs. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and cucurbits (Cucurbita spp.) are economically important species that have been widely studied for in vitro regeneration. This review synthesizes research protocols reported over the past decades, focusing on explant type, culture media, and plant growth regulator combinations. A total of 29 studies on cucumber and 11 studies on cucurbits were analyzed to identify research trends over time and critical factors affecting micropropagation. Cytokinins, mainly BAP, have been consistently effective for adventitious shoot induction, while auxins such as 2,4-D promoted callusogenesis in cucumber. Optimal regeneration of cucumber often relied on cytokinin–auxin combinations, with cotyledons and hypocotyls showing high morphogenetic potential. For cucurbits, shoot tips, nodal segments, and cotyledons have been the most responsive explants where BA-based treatments have achieved superior shoot proliferation, and IBA has supported efficient rooting. Genotype-specific responses and hormonal balance are critical factors for successful micropropagation for both crops. Well-designed micropropagation protocols are essential for efficient regeneration and genetic improvement of both crops. Understanding explant-specific and genotype-dependent responses to plant growth regulators can enhance the reproducibility and scalability of in vitro systems, opening the way for advanced breeding and biotechnological applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izabela Andonova, Fidanka Trajkova, Liljana Koleva Gudeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EVALUATION OF COMPOSTED CABBAGE (Brassica oleracea L.) AS A PLANT GROWING MEDIA FOR HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION
The high costs and limited availability of conventional plant-growing media in Zambia and sub-Saharan Africa pose significant barriers to sustainable horticultural production. This study evaluates composted cabbage waste as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for horticultural crop cultivation. Experiments at Mulungushi University, Zambia, compared composted cabbage with commercial Hygromix-Poliprop using cabbage, cucumber, tomato, and green pepper as test materials. Composted cabbage substantially increased emergence rates in cabbage (94.44%) and tomato (87.5%), while commercial media were more effective for cucumber and green pepper. The sequence of crop emergence favoured composted cabbage, with cabbage emerging first, followed by cucumber, tomato, and green pepper, suggesting favourable conditions for early establishment. Composted cabbage also improved biomass accumulation, with cabbage showing the highest dry matter accumulation (51.39%) in the composted media, indicating its potential to support robust growth and productivity. Root length and seedling vigour exhibited similar trends, with composted cabbage benefiting cabbage and tomato. A benefit-cost analysis yielded a cost-benefit ratio of two (2) for composted cabbage. These findings demonstrate that composted cabbage is a viable and sustainable alternative to commercial media for certain crops, supporting the circular bioeconomy through agricultural waste recycling. Further research should refine composting processes and investigate broader applications to enhance its utility as a universal growth medium.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lynette Moyo, Wiza Mphande https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY (Bemisia tabaci) IN BRINJAL THROUGH INTERCROPPING
In Bangladesh, brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is suffering from a huge loss of yield caused by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) which sucks the sap from the plant and transmits viruses. Farmers often use chemical insecticides which leads to pest resistance and harm to the environment. Intercropping is another sustainable alternative that can control pest spread and benefit the ecosystem. An experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jamalpur during three winter seasons (2022-2025) involving brinjal intercropped with onion, calendula, coriander, garlic, chilli and a control with brinjal only. Research findings revealed that intercropping signifi­cantly suppressed the population of whiteflies in comparison to the control. The brinjal-coriander intercropping showed the greatest efficacy against whiteflies, reducing the pest count by 58-59%. Moreover, the intercropping significantly augmented the yield by 64-66%. The lowest whitefly density was recorded at 13.3-14.2 per leaf. Chilies were the least effective on whitefly incidence whereas onion, calendula and garlic slightly reduced it. Regression analysis showed that there was a strong negative correlation between the whitefly population with yield (R2 = 0.94). Intercropping of brinjal with coriander is a low-cost and sustainable management measure to control whitefly and enhance brinjal yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Khursheda Akter, Monira Yasmin, Fouzia Sultana Shikha, Mohammad Shahadot Hoss https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GLYPHOSATE TOXICITY: A REVIEW OF ITS PROPERTIES, EXPOSURE AND RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is the most widely used herbicide globally, with applications exceeding 125 million kilograms annually across more than 160 countries. Its broad-spectrum efficacy and cost-effectiveness, especially in genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant crops, have made it indispensable in modern agriculture. However, its extensive use has raised concerns regarding environmental persistence and potential health effects. Although it binds strongly to soil particles, glyphosate and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, are frequently detected in soil, water, and, to a lesser extent, air and food. Human exposure occurs primarily through diet, environmental contact, or occupational activities. Biomonitoring studies confirm widespread low-level exposure, with glyphosate and AMPA detected in human urine samples worldwide. Toxicological and epidemiological data remain inconsistent. While the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans,” other agencies, including EFSA and the U.S. EPA, found no evidence of carcinogenicity. Evidence linking glyphosate exposure to non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other cancers remains inconclusive. Environmental studies highlight adverse effects on soil microorganisms, aquatic systems, and non-target species, prompting regulatory reassessment in the EU and beyond. Future research should prioritize formulation-specific toxicity, long-term biomonitoring, and mechanistic studies addressing endocrine, metabolic, and microbiome effects. Integrating toxicological, epidemiological, and environmental data will be essential for refining risk assessment, guiding sustainable weed management, and balancing glyphosate’s agricultural benefits against its potential ecological and health risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Kovacevik, Sasa MItrev, Emilija Arsov, Natalija Markova Ruzdik, Daniela Todevska, Fidanka Trajkova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CHICKEN MEAT
Chicken meat is increasingly recognized as a valuable source of high-quality protein and essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, which must be obtained from the diet because the human body cannot produce them. This study provides a critical evaluation of the nutritional value of various chicken cuts, including breast, back, drumstick, and thigh, focusing on their chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid profiles. Representative samples were collected from retail markets in North Macedonia, handled under controlled hygienic conditions, and analyzed for protein, fat, moisture, ash content, pH, water-binding ability (WBA), color parameters, and fatty acid composition using standardized methods. Results revealed that chicken breast contains the lowest fat content (2.40 g/100 g) and the highest protein levels (20.95%), along with a favorable ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Increased amounts of saturated fatty acids are associated with higher LDL cholesterol. Thigh and back cuts exhibited higher fat content (up to 26.17 g/100 g) but maintained substantial levels of essential fatty acids. Variations in water-binding capacity, pH, and color among cuts were also observed, influencing sensory attributes, juiciness, and technological functionality. These findings highlight the role of chicken meat as a lean, nutritionally beneficial source of essential fatty acids, supporting cardiovascular health and improved lipid balance. The observed differences among cuts emphasize the importance of selecting specific portions to optimize dietary intake of bioactive fatty acids. From a health perspective, consumption of chicken breast is recommended, while meat from higher-fat cuts should be consumed in moderation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadica Bajraktarova, Aco Kuzelov, Dimitar Nakov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
RADIONUCLIDES IN THE FOOD CHAIN: FOCUS ON ANIMAL - DERIVED FOOD
The paper presents an analytical overview of the occurrence, movement, and accumulation of both natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in food of animal origin. The research encompasses the main pathways through which these substances enter animal organisms, together with the environmental and agricultural factors influencing their distribution in soil, vegetation, and animal tissues such as meat, milk, eggs, and fish during the period 1989 to 2025. The review was conducted based on a literature search performed in the Elsevier, Hinari, PubMed, and other relevant scientific databases. The study focuses on isotopes including uranium-238, thorium-232, potassium-40, cesium-137, and strontium-90 as key indicators of naturally occurring and technologically induced radioactivity within the biosphere. The analysis demonstrates the interconnection between geological, climatic, and agricultural conditions that determine the levels and variability of radionuclides in animal-derived food. It was established that radionuclide concentrations in North Macedonia fall within internationally accepted limits and correspond with values observed in other European countries. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of both natural and anthropogenic sources of radioactivity to enable timely detection of fluctuations in radiological balance and to ensure the long-term safety of food and public health protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra Angeleska, Ljupco Angelovski, Risto Uzunov, Radmila Chrcheva Nikolovska, Igor Esmerov, Dimitar Nakov, Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR CASSAVA CULTIVATION IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA
Cassava is a vital staple crop with significant economic and food security importance in Nigeria, particularly in Kwara State, a state with vast untapped agricultural land. This study employs a Geographic Information System (GIS) integrated with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to assess land suitability for cassava cultivation in Kwara State. Multiple spatial datasets, including soil properties, climate factors, topography, land use/land cover, and infrastructure proximity, were analyzed and weighted according to expert judgments. The resulting suitability map classifies the land into five categories, highlighting that approximately 50.8% of the area is highly to moderately suitable for cassava production. Validation using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve yielded an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.998, indicating excellent model accuracy in distinguishing suitable from unsuitable areas. The study provides a robust decision-support tool for policymakers and stakeholders to optimize land resource use and promote sustainable cassava production, thereby addressing local food security challenges. Recommendations emphasize targeted cultivation, soil fertility improvement, and the incorporation of spatial analysis in agricultural planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oyedapo Ademuyiwa Ipadeola, Ayo Babalola, Kolapo Faruq Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ORGANIC VS. CONVENTIONAL: EFFECTS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF SOILS
The present study was carried out to evaluate the different soil indices in respect of physico-chemical and biochemical properties as affected by two different farming systems viz. conventional and organic. To do this, soil samples were collected from different crop fields practiced under conventional and organic systems. All the soil samples were analysed following standards procedures. The results showed significantly (p<0.05) lower pH and higher electrical conductivity (EC) of soils in most of the crop fields under organic farming system compared to their corresponding conventional fields. Though organic carbon (OC) was non-significantly (p>0.05) higher in soils of organic crop fields, total nitrogen (TN) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in organic crop fields than the conventional one. The activities of urease, phosphatase and aylsulfatase among different crop fields significantly differed (p<0.05) under both organic and conventional farming systems. With the exception of brinjal field, the urease enzyme activity was found higher in all the crop fields under organic farming practices compared to their corresponding crop fields of conventional system. On the other hand, the aylsulfatase activity was found higher in soils of all the crop fields except for tomato under conventional farming system relative to their respective organic crop fields. A negative significant (p<0.05) correlation between OC and pH while a positive significant (p<0.05) correlation between OC and TN was observed in organic farming system. The hierarchical clustering dendrogram based on soil enzyme activities and physico-chemical properties showed clear separation between organically and conventionally managed soils. The present study concludes that management practices significantly shape soil biochemical properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajal Roy, Gulshan Ara Begum, Nasrin Chowdhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DETERMINATION OF FREE HYDROCYANIC ACID IN HOMEMADE FRUIT BRANDIES
Fruit brandy is a traditional alcoholic beverage widely consumed in the Republic of N. Macedonia and other Balkan countries, produced by distillation of fermented fruits such as plum, apricot, quince and apple, using either homemade or industrial methods. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of 24 homemade fruit brandy samples by determining the content of free hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a potentially toxic compound. HCN is formed during alcoholic fermentation as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides naturally present in fruit seeds. The quantification of free HCN was performed spectrophotometrically using König reaction, a colorimetric method based on the formation of cyanogen chloride, which reacts with pyridine and barbituric acid to form a stable pink complex with maximum absorbance at 580 nm. results were recalculated to a 100% v/v ethanol basis to allowed comparison with the EU legal limit of 70 mg/L. All samples were within the permissible safety threshold. The highest HCN concentration were found in apricot and apple brandies (up to 9.81 mg/L), while plum and quince brandies contained significantly lower levels. A moderate correlation was observed between HCN levels and several chemical parameters, including methanol, aldehydes, ethanol, total esters, furfural and fusel alcohols. These results suggest that fruit type, fermentation conditions and the extend of seed contact during the preparation of the fruit mash prior to fermentation play a critical role in HCN formation. This highlights the importance of controlled processing practices to ensure the safety of traditional fruit brandies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandar Piperevski, Violeta Dimovska, Atanas Runchev, Dejan Milanov
THE SUCCINATE DEHIDROGENASE INHIBITOR FUNGICIDES: FUNGAL RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Effective disease management is essential to mitigate the rapid emergence of resistant pathogen populations. An important group of fungicides that play a pivotal role in the integrated management systems, among others, also because of their low environmental toxicity, are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, which act by binding to the mitochondrial complex II of the respiratory system. Unlike first-generation SDHIs (e.g., carboxin and oxycarboxin), which exhibit high efficacy against basidiomycetes, newer compounds in this class (e.g., cyclobutrifluram, furametpyr, and inpyrfluxam) demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of fungal species. However, their repeated and inadequate application strategies, can exert strong selection pressure, favoring the development of resistant fungal genotypes, which may ultimately compromise fungicide efficacy. This review examines both historical and recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SDHI resistance, as well as other factors influencing the evolution of resistance. In addition, we provide insights into strategies for the effective use of newly developed SDHI molecules and highlight key research directions for combating resistance in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Kovacevik, Sasa Mitrev, Emilija Arsov, Natalija Markova Ruzdik, Daniela Todevska, Fidanka Trajkova
USING MINERALS AS TRACERS FOR FUNCTIONAL VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
This study investigates the elemental composition of a diverse selection of fruits and vegetables collected from the Vinica region in eastern North Macedonia, aiming to evaluate the use of minerals as tracers for identifying functional properties in plant-based foods. A total of 27 plant species were analyzed, including commonly consumed fruits (orange, grapes, melon, banana, apple, kiwi, pomegranate and others) and vegetables (carrot, spinach, broccoli, beetroot, arugula, ginger and others), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations of 34 elements, from essential nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Se) to potentially toxic trace elements (Pb, Cd, As, Hg), were quantified. Descriptive statistics and multivariate techniques, such as factor and cluster analysis, were applied to explore patterns of mineral association, inter- and intra-species variability, and differentiation between fruit and vegetable groups. The results revealed clear differences in mineral content, with leafy and root vegetables showing higher levels of macro-elements and trace metals, while fruits were richer in elements linked to reproductive and metabolic functions. Mineral clustering revealed co-association trends influenced by botanical, physiological, and environmental factors. These findings highlight the utility of elemental composition as a reliable indicator for evaluating nutritional value, functional potential, and geographic provenance of plant-based foods.
fruits and vegetables, trace elements, food traceability, elemental profiling, mineral composition, ICP-MS, multivariate analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Lolita Spirova, Biljana Balabanova
AGROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS FROM THE OVCHE POLE VINE DISTRICT: A CASE STUDY FROM TRI CESHMI AND DOLNO TROGERCI
This study provides a physicochemical, and agrochemical characterization of vineyard soils in the Ovche Pole Vine District, located within the Povardarie Wine Region of North Macedonia. Two representative vineyard locations, Tri Cheshmi and Dolno Trogerci, were selected for comparative assessment based on their contrasting geological conditions. The analysis focused on key soil parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, texture, as well as available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The soils in Tri Cheshmi, developed over Neogene lacustrine sediments rich in marl and calcareous clay, showed alkaline pH, moderate carbonate levels and elevated EC, reflecting a strong pedogenic influence from the carbonate-rich parent material. In contrast, the soils in Dolno Trogerci, formed by colluvial-alluvial deposits with contributions from volcanic and metamorphic rocks from the Vardar zone, showed greater textural variability and higher levels of CaCO3 content. The semi-arid climate of the region, characterized by hot, dry summers and moderately cold winters, further shapes soil development and fertility. This study provides a basic understanding of the physicochemical and nutrient-related soil properties in the Ovche Pole Vine District and supports the development of site-specific sustainable vineyard management practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandar Piperevski, Biljana Balabanova
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TOBACCO SOILS IN THE PRILEP REGION: ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
The quality of the soil plays a fundamental role in agricultural productivity, particularly in tobacco cultivation, where both high yields and superior leaf quality are essential. The elemental composition of the soil, in particular the balance between essential nutrients and the presence of potentially toxic elements, plays a crucial role in shaping soil quality and influencing overall plant health and development. In this study, the soil quality in the Prilep region in North Macedonia, the main cultivation area for oriental tobacco, is investigated. During the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons, soil samples were collected from selected tobacco fields and analyzed using ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of selected macro and microelements (K, Mg, Fe, and Na) as well as potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). In addition to elemental analysis, several key agrochemical properties were also assessed: organic matter content (ranging from low to moderate), total nitrogen content (0.03–0.14%), soil pH (mean 6.55, indicating slightly acidic to neutral conditions), the availability of essential nutrients (phosphorus and potassium), the physical structure of the soils (classified as medium loam), and clay content (20.6% to 58.7%). The content of macro- and microelements were closely related to the geological and pedological characteristics of the region. The concentration of potentially toxic elements remained below the internationally accepted thresholds for heavy metals in agricultural soils, indicating a low risk of contamination and confirming the suitability of these soils for sustainable tobacco cultivation.
soil, tobacco fields, macroelements, microelements, potentially toxic elements, ICP-MS
Copyright (c) 2025 Bojana Dimovska Gonovska, Biljana Jordanoska Shishkoska, Trajče Stafilov, Valentina Pelivanoska, Claudiu Tănăselia
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARBON FARMING AND CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS IN CORN AND SUNFLOWER CULTIVATION: CASE STUDY IN NORTH MACEDONIA
This study conducts a comparative evaluation of carbon farming versus conventional agricultural systems in corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation, examining their impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics alongside other soil properties during the 2024–2025 growing season. Soil samples were collected at three critical stages—vegetation onset, midseason, and harvest—to quantify total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) under each management regime. Results reveal that carbon farming consistently and significantly enhanced TOC and TN compared to conventional agriculture. In corn plots, carbon farming induced a progressive accumulation of both TOC and TN, driven by increased organic matter inputs and stimulated microbial activity—trends consistent with established organic amendment outcomes. Sunflower plots exhibited a delayed but notable increase in soil C and N, likely reflecting the crop’s high nutrient uptake and distinct biomass turnover patterns. Conversely, conventional management displayed stable or declining TOC and TN trends, underscoring the adverse impacts of reliance on synthetic inputs on soil fertility . These findings highlight carbon farming's effectiveness in enhancing soil health by improving nutrient retention and increasing organic matter, aligning with climate-smart and regenerative agriculture principles . In summary, carbon farming presents a promising strategy for boosting soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in cereal and oilseed production systems, offering co-benefits for soil fertility and climate mitigation. Its implementation may advance sustainable crop production and long-term soil resilience.
carbon farming, conventional agriculture, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, corn, sunflower, agroecological practices, soil fertility, climate-smart agriculture, sustainable soil management
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Balabanova, Verica Ilieva, Sasa Mitrev, Blagoja Mukanov, Mario Petkovski, Jovana Milosavljeva
MICROBIOLOGICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SHALLOW WELLS BEFORE AND AFTER DISINFECTION WITH PERACETIC ACID
The microbiological examination of water is used worldwide to monitor and control the quality and safety of various types of water. Peracetic acid (PAA) has garnered increasing attention as an alternative oxidant and disinfectant in water treatment due to the rising demand to reduce chlorine usage and control disinfection byproducts. The main aim of the research was to assess the well water microbiological quality before and after disinfection with PAA. The water samples were taken from 5 wells in the rural areas of Probishtip and Kocani regions of North Macedonia. Sampling was conducted twice (before and after disinfection) per season during the four seasons of the year. Water samples from 5 shallow wells were analysed for microbiological parameters using reference methods. The results were compared with the quality of control water and the permissible values according to the national legislation. Water quality parameters indicated that all well water samples failed to meet safe drinking water limits. A significant improvement in the microbiological quality of the water was observed during the seasons when a PAA working solution with concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% was used. The regression statistical model revealed that disinfection with PAA and the seasonal variation in its concentration had a statistically significant influence on the microbiological quality of well water (p<0.001). Identification and management of groundwater quality are of utmost importance for maintaining freshwater resources, which are essential for sustainable rural development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ankica Anastasova, Dimitar Nakov, Aco Kuzelov
THE QUINONE OUTSIDE INHIBITOR FUNGICIDES, A PERSPECTIVE GROUP OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS
Effective disease management is essential to mitigate the rapid emergence of resistant pathogen populations. An important group of fungicides that play a pivotal role in the integrated management systems, among others, also because of their low environmental toxicity, are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, which act by binding to the mitochondrial complex II of the respiratory system. Unlike first-generation SDHIs (e.g., carboxin and oxycarboxin), which exhibit high efficacy against basidiomycetes, newer compounds in this class (e.g., cyclobutrifluram, furametpyr, and inpyrfluxam) demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of fungal species. However, their repeated and inadequate application strategies, can exert strong selection pressure, favoring the development of resistant fungal genotypes, which may ultimately compromise fungicide efficacy. This review examines both historical and recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SDHI resistance, as well as other factors influencing the evolution of resistance. In addition, it provides an insight into strategies for the effective use of newly developed SDHI molecules and highlights key research directions for combating resistance in the future.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences
Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae): BIOLOGY, DAMAGE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES IN SPRING CABBAGE PRODUCTION IN THE STRUMICA REGION
The cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) is a significant pest of cabbage and other brassicaceous crops. It can produce three to four generations per year, with adult activity spanning from early spring through late autumn. The most severe damage typically occurs on young seedlings, although in cases of heavy infestation, even mature plants and developing heads may be affected. Control measures must be implemented preventively and initiated at the first signs of adult activity. Management is challenging because the larvae feed within plant tissues, making them difficult to reach with conventional treatments. Therefore, efforts should focus on preventing infestations through integrated pest management approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Atanasova, Mite Ilievski, Dusan Spasov, Dragica Spasova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INFLUENCE OF VARIETY AND VINTAGE ON THE BASIC PHUSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SMEDEREVKA AND VRANEC WINES
In this study, Smederevka and Vranec wines from V. vinifera L. cv., the most important and dominant varieties in Macedonia, have been produced in 6 (six) consecutive years applying traditional fermentation methods, in order to study the influence of variety and vintage on the general basic wine quality. The physico-chemical parameters that confirm the basic wine quality have been determined, including alcohol, specific gravity at 20°C, dry extract, reducing sugars, total and volatile acidity, pH, free and total SO2. The results showed that variety significantly affected the chemical composition of wines, presenting higher contents of alcohol, density and dry extract for Vranec wines, while Smederevka wines were richer with total acids and contained higher amount of total SO2. In addition, slight influence of vintage was noticed for both varieties, especially on the alcohol, specific gravity and dry extract contents, for which highest values were noticed in vintage 2017 in Vranec wines, while for Smederevka wines, values were highest in vintage 2020. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation of the wines according to the variety.
ERADICATING VARROA MITES (VARROA DESTRUCTOR) BY SPRAYING CLOVE TEA
This study is a field experiment of using clove tea as an effective treatment against varroa mites (Varroa destructor), by spraying the tea directly on all the frames in the beehive. Two experiments were conducted, one for 14 weeks, with an application of clove tea once every 2 weeks and the other for 8 weeks with an application once per week. In both experiments after 6 applications, the tea-treated varroa-infected beehives were completely varroa-free, concluding complete eradication.
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum - CAUSAL AGENT OF SOFT ROT OF PEPPERS PRODUCED IN THE STRUMICA REGION
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (formerly Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) is a plant pathogen that causes soft and stem rot diseases in several economically important vegetables such as carrot, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, onion, pepper, potato, radish, sweet potato, squash and tomato, where the disease can be detected in the field, transmit, storage and market. Agricultural producers face many challenges in trying to grow crops and ensure stable, high-quality yields. The risk factors involved in agricultural production include climatic conditions, the occurrence of diseases, pests, and weeds. During our field observation, we examined the production of pepper, its economic and nutritional value, and the factors contributing to its decline. Our primary focus is the present status of diseases in pepper, specifically the occurrence of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, the causative agent of bacterial soft rot. P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a well-known plant pathogen that causes severe soft rot disease in various crops, resulting in significant economic loss. The aim of this study is to highlight the economic importance of the bacterial agent responsible for soft rot in peppers grown in the open fields in Strumica region. For this purpose, standard bacteriological tests were performed. These tests confirmed the pathogenic, morphological, biochemical, physiological, and growth properties of the pathogen, compared with the control strain KFB85 from the Republic of Serbia.