Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences
Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences (ЈАРЅ) is an international journal for publication of scientific, professional and applicative achievements in agriculture and plant sciences. The journal is publishing original research papers, review articles, short communications, professional and technical papers and book reviews. The journal is publishing results from fundamental, applicative and technical research in broader area of agricultural and plant sciences.
GOCE DELCEV UNIVERSITY, STIP, FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
The intellectual property and copyright on the original content of all scientific contributions in the published paper shall remain with the authors. Authors give permission to the JAPS owner to publish the paper. All authors agree to publish the paper under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
Journal Editor Board, Content and Editor Introduction
Copyright (c) 2025 Fidanka Trajkova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW OF MICROPROPAGATION OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) AND CUCURBITS (Cucurbita spp.)
Micropropagation is a key biotechnological method for rapid and large-scale propagation of horticultural crops. Nowadays, micropropagation plays a key role in production of disease-free plants, conservation of genetic resources and it is an essential tool in crop breeding programs. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and cucurbits (Cucurbita spp.) are economically important species that have been widely studied for in vitro regeneration. This review synthesizes research protocols reported over the past decades, focusing on explant type, culture media, and plant growth regulator combinations. A total of 29 studies on cucumber and 11 studies on cucurbits were analyzed to identify research trends over time and critical factors affecting micropropagation. Cytokinins, mainly BAP, have been consistently effective for adventitious shoot induction, while auxins such as 2,4-D promoted callusogenesis in cucumber. Optimal regeneration of cucumber often relied on cytokinin–auxin combinations, with cotyledons and hypocotyls showing high morphogenetic potential. For cucurbits, shoot tips, nodal segments, and cotyledons have been the most responsive explants where BA-based treatments have achieved superior shoot proliferation, and IBA has supported efficient rooting. Genotype-specific responses and hormonal balance are critical factors for successful micropropagation for both crops. Well-designed micropropagation protocols are essential for efficient regeneration and genetic improvement of both crops. Understanding explant-specific and genotype-dependent responses to plant growth regulators can enhance the reproducibility and scalability of in vitro systems, opening the way for advanced breeding and biotechnological applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izabela Andonova, Fidanka Trajkova, Liljana Koleva Gudeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
MANAGEMENT OF WHITEFLY (Bemisia tabaci) IN BRINJAL THROUGH INTERCROPPING
In Bangladesh, brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is suffering from a huge loss of yield caused by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) which sucks the sap from the plant and transmits viruses. Farmers often use chemical insecticides which leads to pest resistance and harm to the environment. Intercropping is another sustainable alternative that can control pest spread and benefit the ecosystem. An experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jamalpur during three winter seasons (2022-2025) involving brinjal intercropped with onion, calendula, coriander, garlic, chilli and a control with brinjal only. Research findings revealed that intercropping signifi­cantly suppressed the population of whiteflies in comparison to the control. The brinjal-coriander intercropping showed the greatest efficacy against whiteflies, reducing the pest count by 58-59%. Moreover, the intercropping significantly augmented the yield by 64-66%. The lowest whitefly density was recorded at 13.3-14.2 per leaf. Chilies were the least effective on whitefly incidence whereas onion, calendula and garlic slightly reduced it. Regression analysis showed that there was a strong negative correlation between the whitefly population with yield (R2 = 0.94). Intercropping of brinjal with coriander is a low-cost and sustainable management measure to control whitefly and enhance brinjal yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abdul Mannan, Khursheda Akter, Monira Yasmin, Fouzia Sultana Shikha, Mohammad Shahadot Hoss https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
GLYPHOSATE TOXICITY: A REVIEW OF ITS PROPERTIES, EXPOSURE AND RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is the most widely used herbicide globally, with applications exceeding 125 million kilograms annually across more than 160 countries. Its broad-spectrum efficacy and cost-effectiveness, especially in genetically modified glyphosate-tolerant crops, have made it indispensable in modern agriculture. However, its extensive use has raised concerns regarding environmental persistence and potential health effects. Although it binds strongly to soil particles, glyphosate and its main metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, are frequently detected in soil, water, and, to a lesser extent, air and food. Human exposure occurs primarily through diet, environmental contact, or occupational activities. Biomonitoring studies confirm widespread low-level exposure, with glyphosate and AMPA detected in human urine samples worldwide. Toxicological and epidemiological data remain inconsistent. While the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans,” other agencies, including EFSA and the U.S. EPA, found no evidence of carcinogenicity. Evidence linking glyphosate exposure to non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other cancers remains inconclusive. Environmental studies highlight adverse effects on soil microorganisms, aquatic systems, and non-target species, prompting regulatory reassessment in the EU and beyond. Future research should prioritize formulation-specific toxicity, long-term biomonitoring, and mechanistic studies addressing endocrine, metabolic, and microbiome effects. Integrating toxicological, epidemiological, and environmental data will be essential for refining risk assessment, guiding sustainable weed management, and balancing glyphosate’s agricultural benefits against its potential ecological and health risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Kovacevik, Sasa MItrev, Emilija Arsov, Natalija Markova Ruzdik, Daniela Todevska, Fidanka Trajkova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CHICKEN MEAT
Chicken meat is increasingly recognized as a valuable source of high-quality protein and essential fatty acids, including linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, which must be obtained from the diet because the human body cannot produce them. This study provides a critical evaluation of the nutritional value of various chicken cuts, including breast, back, drumstick, and thigh, focusing on their chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and fatty acid profiles. Representative samples were collected from retail markets in North Macedonia, handled under controlled hygienic conditions, and analyzed for protein, fat, moisture, ash content, pH, water-binding ability (WBA), color parameters, and fatty acid composition using standardized methods. Results revealed that chicken breast contains the lowest fat content (2.40 g/100 g) and the highest protein levels (20.95%), along with a favorable ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Increased amounts of saturated fatty acids are associated with higher LDL cholesterol. Thigh and back cuts exhibited higher fat content (up to 26.17 g/100 g) but maintained substantial levels of essential fatty acids. Variations in water-binding capacity, pH, and color among cuts were also observed, influencing sensory attributes, juiciness, and technological functionality. These findings highlight the role of chicken meat as a lean, nutritionally beneficial source of essential fatty acids, supporting cardiovascular health and improved lipid balance. The observed differences among cuts emphasize the importance of selecting specific portions to optimize dietary intake of bioactive fatty acids. From a health perspective, consumption of chicken breast is recommended, while meat from higher-fat cuts should be consumed in moderation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadica Bajraktarova, Aco Kuzelov, Dimitar Nakov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
RADIONUCLIDES IN THE FOOD CHAIN: FOCUS ON ANIMAL - DERIVED FOOD
The paper presents an analytical overview of the occurrence, movement, and accumulation of both natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in food of animal origin. The research encompasses the main pathways through which these substances enter animal organisms, together with the environmental and agricultural factors influencing their distribution in soil, vegetation, and animal tissues such as meat, milk, eggs, and fish during the period 1989 to 2025. The review was conducted based on a literature search performed in the Elsevier, Hinari, PubMed, and other relevant scientific databases. The study focuses on isotopes including uranium-238, thorium-232, potassium-40, cesium-137, and strontium-90 as key indicators of naturally occurring and technologically induced radioactivity within the biosphere. The analysis demonstrates the interconnection between geological, climatic, and agricultural conditions that determine the levels and variability of radionuclides in animal-derived food. It was established that radionuclide concentrations in North Macedonia fall within internationally accepted limits and correspond with values observed in other European countries. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of both natural and anthropogenic sources of radioactivity to enable timely detection of fluctuations in radiological balance and to ensure the long-term safety of food and public health protection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra Angeleska, Ljupco Angelovski, Risto Uzunov, Radmila Chrcheva Nikolovska, Igor Esmerov, Dimitar Nakov, Elizabeta Dimitrieska-Stojkovikj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ORGANIC VS. CONVENTIONAL: EFFECTS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF SOILS
The present study was carried out to evaluate the different soil indices in respect of physico-chemical and biochemical properties as affected by two different farming systems viz. conventional and organic. To do this, soil samples were collected from different crop fields practiced under conventional and organic systems. All the soil samples were analysed following standards procedures. The results showed significantly (p<0.05) lower pH and higher electrical conductivity (EC) of soils in most of the crop fields under organic farming system compared to their corresponding conventional fields. Though organic carbon (OC) was non-significantly (p>0.05) higher in soils of organic crop fields, total nitrogen (TN) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in organic crop fields than the conventional one. The activities of urease, phosphatase and aylsulfatase among different crop fields significantly differed (p<0.05) under both organic and conventional farming systems. With the exception of brinjal field, the urease enzyme activity was found higher in all the crop fields under organic farming practices compared to their corresponding crop fields of conventional system. On the other hand, the aylsulfatase activity was found higher in soils of all the crop fields except for tomato under conventional farming system relative to their respective organic crop fields. A negative significant (p<0.05) correlation between OC and pH while a positive significant (p<0.05) correlation between OC and TN was observed in organic farming system. The hierarchical clustering dendrogram based on soil enzyme activities and physico-chemical properties showed clear separation between organically and conventionally managed soils. The present study concludes that management practices significantly shape soil biochemical properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajal Roy, Gulshan Ara Begum, Nasrin Chowdhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
DETERMINATION OF FREE HYDROCYANIC ACID IN HOMEMADE FRUIT BRANDIES
Fruit brandy is a traditional alcoholic beverage widely consumed in the Republic of N. Macedonia and other Balkan countries, produced by distillation of fermented fruits such as plum, apricot, quince and apple, using either homemade or industrial methods. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of 24 homemade fruit brandy samples by determining the content of free hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a potentially toxic compound. HCN is formed during alcoholic fermentation as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycosides naturally present in fruit seeds. The quantification of free HCN was performed spectrophotometrically using König reaction, a colorimetric method based on the formation of cyanogen chloride, which reacts with pyridine and barbituric acid to form a stable pink complex with maximum absorbance at 580 nm. results were recalculated to a 100% v/v ethanol basis to allowed comparison with the EU legal limit of 70 mg/L. All samples were within the permissible safety threshold. The highest HCN concentration were found in apricot and apple brandies (up to 9.81 mg/L), while plum and quince brandies contained significantly lower levels. A moderate correlation was observed between HCN levels and several chemical parameters, including methanol, aldehydes, ethanol, total esters, furfural and fusel alcohols. These results suggest that fruit type, fermentation conditions and the extend of seed contact during the preparation of the fruit mash prior to fermentation play a critical role in HCN formation. This highlights the importance of controlled processing practices to ensure the safety of traditional fruit brandies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandar Piperevski, Violeta Dimovska, Atanas Runchev, Dejan Milanov
THE SUCCINATE DEHIDROGENASE INHIBITOR FUNGICIDES: FUNGAL RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Effective disease management is essential to mitigate the rapid emergence of resistant pathogen populations. An important group of fungicides that play a pivotal role in the integrated management systems, among others, also because of their low environmental toxicity, are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, which act by binding to the mitochondrial complex II of the respiratory system. Unlike first-generation SDHIs (e.g., carboxin and oxycarboxin), which exhibit high efficacy against basidiomycetes, newer compounds in this class (e.g., cyclobutrifluram, furametpyr, and inpyrfluxam) demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of fungal species. However, their repeated and inadequate application strategies, can exert strong selection pressure, favoring the development of resistant fungal genotypes, which may ultimately compromise fungicide efficacy. This review examines both historical and recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SDHI resistance, as well as other factors influencing the evolution of resistance. In addition, we provide insights into strategies for the effective use of newly developed SDHI molecules and highlight key research directions for combating resistance in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Kovacevik, Sasa Mitrev, Emilija Arsov, Natalija Markova Ruzdik, Daniela Todevska, Fidanka Trajkova
USING MINERALS AS TRACERS FOR FUNCTIONAL VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
This study investigates the elemental composition of a diverse selection of fruits and vegetables collected from the Vinica region in eastern North Macedonia, aiming to evaluate the use of minerals as tracers for identifying functional properties in plant-based foods. A total of 27 plant species were analyzed, including commonly consumed fruits (orange, grapes, melon, banana, apple, kiwi, pomegranate and others) and vegetables (carrot, spinach, broccoli, beetroot, arugula, ginger and others), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations of 34 elements, from essential nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Se) to potentially toxic trace elements (Pb, Cd, As, Hg), were quantified. Descriptive statistics and multivariate techniques, such as factor and cluster analysis, were applied to explore patterns of mineral association, inter- and intra-species variability, and differentiation between fruit and vegetable groups. The results revealed clear differences in mineral content, with leafy and root vegetables showing higher levels of macro-elements and trace metals, while fruits were richer in elements linked to reproductive and metabolic functions. Mineral clustering revealed co-association trends influenced by botanical, physiological, and environmental factors. These findings highlight the utility of elemental composition as a reliable indicator for evaluating nutritional value, functional potential, and geographic provenance of plant-based foods.
fruits and vegetables, trace elements, food traceability, elemental profiling, mineral composition, ICP-MS, multivariate analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 Lolita Spirova, Biljana Balabanova
AGROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS FROM THE OVCHE POLE VINE DISTRICT: A CASE STUDY FROM TRI CESHMI AND DOLNO TROGERCI
This study provides a physicochemical, and agrochemical characterization of vineyard soils in the Ovche Pole Vine District, located within the Povardarie Wine Region of North Macedonia. Two representative vineyard locations, Tri Cheshmi and Dolno Trogerci, were selected for comparative assessment based on their contrasting geological conditions. The analysis focused on key soil parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content, texture, as well as available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The soils in Tri Cheshmi, developed over Neogene lacustrine sediments rich in marl and calcareous clay, showed alkaline pH, moderate carbonate levels and elevated EC, reflecting a strong pedogenic influence from the carbonate-rich parent material. In contrast, the soils in Dolno Trogerci, formed by colluvial-alluvial deposits with contributions from volcanic and metamorphic rocks from the Vardar zone, showed greater textural variability and higher levels of CaCO3 content. The semi-arid climate of the region, characterized by hot, dry summers and moderately cold winters, further shapes soil development and fertility. This study provides a basic understanding of the physicochemical and nutrient-related soil properties in the Ovche Pole Vine District and supports the development of site-specific sustainable vineyard management practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandar Piperevski, Biljana Balabanova
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TOBACCO SOILS IN THE PRILEP REGION: ENVIRONMENTAL AND AGRICULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
The quality of the soil plays a fundamental role in agricultural productivity, particularly in tobacco cultivation, where both high yields and superior leaf quality are essential. The elemental composition of the soil, in particular the balance between essential nutrients and the presence of potentially toxic elements, plays a crucial role in shaping soil quality and influencing overall plant health and development. In this study, the soil quality in the Prilep region in North Macedonia, the main cultivation area for oriental tobacco, is investigated. During the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons, soil samples were collected from selected tobacco fields and analyzed using ICP-MS to determine the concentrations of selected macro and microelements (K, Mg, Fe, and Na) as well as potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). In addition to elemental analysis, several key agrochemical properties were also assessed: organic matter content (ranging from low to moderate), total nitrogen content (0.03–0.14%), soil pH (mean 6.55, indicating slightly acidic to neutral conditions), the availability of essential nutrients (phosphorus and potassium), the physical structure of the soils (classified as medium loam), and clay content (20.6% to 58.7%). The content of macro- and microelements were closely related to the geological and pedological characteristics of the region. The concentration of potentially toxic elements remained below the internationally accepted thresholds for heavy metals in agricultural soils, indicating a low risk of contamination and confirming the suitability of these soils for sustainable tobacco cultivation.
soil, tobacco fields, macroelements, microelements, potentially toxic elements, ICP-MS
Copyright (c) 2025 Bojana Dimovska Gonovska, Biljana Jordanoska Shishkoska, Trajče Stafilov, Valentina Pelivanoska, Claudiu Tănăselia
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARBON FARMING AND CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS IN CORN AND SUNFLOWER CULTIVATION: CASE STUDY IN NORTH MACEDONIA
This study conducts a comparative evaluation of carbon farming versus conventional agricultural systems in corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation, examining their impacts on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics alongside other soil properties during the 2024–2025 growing season. Soil samples were collected at three critical stages—vegetation onset, midseason, and harvest—to quantify total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) under each management regime. Results reveal that carbon farming consistently and significantly enhanced TOC and TN compared to conventional agriculture. In corn plots, carbon farming induced a progressive accumulation of both TOC and TN, driven by increased organic matter inputs and stimulated microbial activity—trends consistent with established organic amendment outcomes. Sunflower plots exhibited a delayed but notable increase in soil C and N, likely reflecting the crop’s high nutrient uptake and distinct biomass turnover patterns. Conversely, conventional management displayed stable or declining TOC and TN trends, underscoring the adverse impacts of reliance on synthetic inputs on soil fertility . These findings highlight carbon farming's effectiveness in enhancing soil health by improving nutrient retention and increasing organic matter, aligning with climate-smart and regenerative agriculture principles . In summary, carbon farming presents a promising strategy for boosting soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in cereal and oilseed production systems, offering co-benefits for soil fertility and climate mitigation. Its implementation may advance sustainable crop production and long-term soil resilience.
carbon farming, conventional agriculture, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, corn, sunflower, agroecological practices, soil fertility, climate-smart agriculture, sustainable soil management
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Balabanova, Verica Ilieva, Sasa Mitrev, Blagoja Mukanov, Mario Petkovski, Jovana Milosavljeva
MICROBIOLOGICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SHALLOW WELLS BEFORE AND AFTER DISINFECTION WITH PERACETIC ACID
The microbiological examination of water is used worldwide to monitor and control the quality and safety of various types of water. Peracetic acid (PAA) has garnered increasing attention as an alternative oxidant and disinfectant in water treatment due to the rising demand to reduce chlorine usage and control disinfection byproducts. The main aim of the research was to assess the well water microbiological quality before and after disinfection with PAA. The water samples were taken from 5 wells in the rural areas of Probishtip and Kocani regions of North Macedonia. Sampling was conducted twice (before and after disinfection) per season during the four seasons of the year. Water samples from 5 shallow wells were analysed for microbiological parameters using reference methods. The results were compared with the quality of control water and the permissible values according to the national legislation. Water quality parameters indicated that all well water samples failed to meet safe drinking water limits. A significant improvement in the microbiological quality of the water was observed during the seasons when a PAA working solution with concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1% was used. The regression statistical model revealed that disinfection with PAA and the seasonal variation in its concentration had a statistically significant influence on the microbiological quality of well water (p<0.001). Identification and management of groundwater quality are of utmost importance for maintaining freshwater resources, which are essential for sustainable rural development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ankica Anastasova, Dimitar Nakov, Aco Kuzelov
THE QUINONE OUTSIDE INHIBITOR FUNGICIDES, A PERSPECTIVE GROUP OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS
Effective disease management is essential to mitigate the rapid emergence of resistant pathogen populations. An important group of fungicides that play a pivotal role in the integrated management systems, among others, also because of their low environmental toxicity, are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, which act by binding to the mitochondrial complex II of the respiratory system. Unlike first-generation SDHIs (e.g., carboxin and oxycarboxin), which exhibit high efficacy against basidiomycetes, newer compounds in this class (e.g., cyclobutrifluram, furametpyr, and inpyrfluxam) demonstrate broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of fungal species. However, their repeated and inadequate application strategies, can exert strong selection pressure, favoring the development of resistant fungal genotypes, which may ultimately compromise fungicide efficacy. This review examines both historical and recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SDHI resistance, as well as other factors influencing the evolution of resistance. In addition, it provides an insight into strategies for the effective use of newly developed SDHI molecules and highlights key research directions for combating resistance in the future.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences
Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae): BIOLOGY, DAMAGE AND CONTROL STRATEGIES IN SPRING CABBAGE PRODUCTION IN THE STRUMICA REGION
The cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) is a significant pest of cabbage and other brassicaceous crops. It can produce three to four generations per year, with adult activity spanning from early spring through late autumn. The most severe damage typically occurs on young seedlings, although in cases of heavy infestation, even mature plants and developing heads may be affected. Control measures must be implemented preventively and initiated at the first signs of adult activity. Management is challenging because the larvae feed within plant tissues, making them difficult to reach with conventional treatments. Therefore, efforts should focus on preventing infestations through integrated pest management approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Biljana Atanasova, Mite Ilievski, Dusan Spasov, Dragica Spasova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
INFLUENCE OF VARIETY AND VINTAGE ON THE BASIC PHUSICO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SMEDEREVKA AND VRANEC WINES
In this study, Smederevka and Vranec wines from V. vinifera L. cv., the most important and dominant varieties in Macedonia, have been produced in 6 (six) consecutive years applying traditional fermentation methods, in order to study the influence of variety and vintage on the general basic wine quality. The physico-chemical parameters that confirm the basic wine quality have been determined, including alcohol, specific gravity at 20°C, dry extract, reducing sugars, total and volatile acidity, pH, free and total SO2. The results showed that variety significantly affected the chemical composition of wines, presenting higher contents of alcohol, density and dry extract for Vranec wines, while Smederevka wines were richer with total acids and contained higher amount of total SO2. In addition, slight influence of vintage was noticed for both varieties, especially on the alcohol, specific gravity and dry extract contents, for which highest values were noticed in vintage 2017 in Vranec wines, while for Smederevka wines, values were highest in vintage 2020. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation of the wines according to the variety.
ERADICATING VARROA MITES (VARROA DESTRUCTOR) BY SPRAYING CLOVE TEA
This study is a field experiment of using clove tea as an effective treatment against varroa mites (Varroa destructor), by spraying the tea directly on all the frames in the beehive. Two experiments were conducted, one for 14 weeks, with an application of clove tea once every 2 weeks and the other for 8 weeks with an application once per week. In both experiments after 6 applications, the tea-treated varroa-infected beehives were completely varroa-free, concluding complete eradication.
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum - CAUSAL AGENT OF SOFT ROT OF PEPPERS PRODUCED IN THE STRUMICA REGION
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (formerly Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) is a plant pathogen that causes soft and stem rot diseases in several economically important vegetables such as carrot, cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, garlic, onion, pepper, potato, radish, sweet potato, squash and tomato, where the disease can be detected in the field, transmit, storage and market. Agricultural producers face many challenges in trying to grow crops and ensure stable, high-quality yields. The risk factors involved in agricultural production include climatic conditions, the occurrence of diseases, pests, and weeds. During our field observation, we examined the production of pepper, its economic and nutritional value, and the factors contributing to its decline. Our primary focus is the present status of diseases in pepper, specifically the occurrence of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, the causative agent of bacterial soft rot. P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is a well-known plant pathogen that causes severe soft rot disease in various crops, resulting in significant economic loss. The aim of this study is to highlight the economic importance of the bacterial agent responsible for soft rot in peppers grown in the open fields in Strumica region. For this purpose, standard bacteriological tests were performed. These tests confirmed the pathogenic, morphological, biochemical, physiological, and growth properties of the pathogen, compared with the control strain KFB85 from the Republic of Serbia.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRADITIONALLY PRODUCED APPLE, BLACKTHORN, HAWTHORN AND PEAR VINEGAR
The aim of this paper is to determine the quality of vinegars through microbiological and chemical properties using simple chemical and microbiological analysis in different types of vinegar from apple (Malus sp.), blackthorn, (Prunus spinosa L.), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.) and pear (Pyrus sp.) obtained in a traditional manner. The amount of acetic acid in vinegar in this investigation varied between 0.72% to 4.5% for the samples. In apple vinegar, the total number of bacteria amounts to 16 cfu/mL, consists of only acetic bacteria, contains 4.0% acetic acid and has 3.25 pH value. In the samples of blackthorn and hawthorn vinegar, a very small number (6 cfu/mL and 5 cfu/mL respectively) of acetic bacteria was present. Also, a low acidity (pH about 1.0) was found and microscopy revealed Gram (+) rod-shaped asporogenous bacteria (41 cfu/mL in blackthorn and 35 cfu/mL in hawthorn vinegar) and a near absence of acetic bacteria. Hence, samples of blackthorn and hawthorn vinegar were found to undergo no acetic fermentation process at all, meaning the final product is not vinegar. In pear vinegar, the total number of bacteria is 25 cfu/mL and acetic bacteria 16 cfu/mL, it has the highest percentage of acetic acid (4.5%). Yeast cells were observed under the microscope which is characteristic of alcoholic fermentation. Due to it, the process of obtaining the final product goes in an unwanted direction. А very high negative correlation between pH and acetic acid was determined and between the total number of bacteria and the number of acetic bacteria.
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF SOIL Bacillus STRAINS ISOLATED FROM THE BUCIM COPPER MINE FOR BIOCONTROL AGAINST GRAPEVINE DOWNY MILDEW
Plasmopara viticola, the disease that causes grapevine downy mildew, is a major and enduring concern for the grapevine industry globally. It’s challenging to manage using chemical and agricultural methods. For the wine-growing industry, several countries, including North Macedonia, have reoriented their strategies in order to reduce chemical inputs, which have been shown to be toxic and to have a negative impact on the environment. Instead, they are replacing these chemicals with sustainable biocontrol regulations. Bacillus spp. is a well-known plant-protective bacteria with antifungal potential in biocontrol strategies. The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil Bacillus strains from the Bucim Copper Mine in four seasons with potential applications for biocontrol of this disease. The highest number (3.2 x 105 CFUg-1) of Bacillus spp. was found in autumn, while the lowest number (2.8 x 102 CFUg-1) was found in winter. Out of 18 isolates, 4 showed antifungal activity against Plasmopara viticola. The intracellular metabolites of the isolates B1-19, B2-3, B3-2, B3-4 showed maximum inhibition of 20-32 mm, while only the extracellular extract of the isolate B1-19 showed maximum inhibition of 25 mm against Plasmopara viticola. The moisture content values ranged from 0.9-8.5 % and the pH value ranged from 7.11 – 7.58. The total organic matter values ranged from 4.47 to 4.99 %. Due to the antifungal potential as biological control agents against grape downy mildew, the isolates are expected to enhance integrated pest management systems going forward and maybe reduce the quantity of chemical fungicides used in vineyards.
WATER QUALITY OF KOSELSKA RIVER AND OHRID LAKE IN THE DALJAN REGION
The aim of this paper is to examine the state and quality of the water from Koselska river, as well as its influence on the quality of water in the coastal zone, more precisely where the mouth of the river flows into the lake. Also, the goal of this research was to look at the nature and degree of possible water pollution, due to anthropogenic influence, based on the results obtained from the testing of microbiological and physio-chemical parameters, which would make it possible to predict and recommend remedial measures and minimize pollution. To correctly interpret the results of the microbiological analysis of water, physical and chemical tests of water temperature and BOD5 were also performed. The microbiological examination included testing the composition and dynamics of heterotrophic, psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria, determining the index of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria (M/P), the index of facultative oligotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria (FO/X), as well as the total number of coliform bacteria. It was determined that the representation and abundance of all types of microorganisms is higher in the river water than in the lake water. The total number of bacteria from Daljan region is greater in the summer period compared to other periods of the year. Likewise, consistently high values ​​of the number of coliform bacteria were determined in the two types of water. Based on the results obtained in this research, it was determined that the water from the river affects the quality, health and safety of the water in Ohrid Lake.
YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SOME WHEAT VARIETIES (Triticum aestivum L.) GROWN IN KOCANI REGION
The purpose of this research was to study the yield and yield components in seven wheat varieties grown under the soil-climatic conditions of Kochani region. As an experimental material were used six introduced varieties (Rajna, Igra, Epoha, Falado, Grivna and Pobeda) and one domestic variety (Mila). The field trial was conducted in 2022/23 growing season, in randomized block design with three replications. The grain yield, plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, grains weight per spike, weight of 1000 grains, number of spikes per m2 and the biological yield were analyzed. Analysis of variance showed high genetic variability and significant differences between the examined varieties for all studied properties. The highest average grain yield was obtained by Falado variety (0,68 kg/m2). Also, this variety showed the highest average value for the grains weight per spike (2,49 g), weight of 1000 grains (43,0 g) and biological yield (3,1 kg/m2). The variety Falado was followed by Grivna variety which had the highest value for number of spikes per m2 (1380 spike per m2) and number of grains per spike (64,86). High values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) were noted for grain yield, biological yield, grains weight per spike, number of grains per spike, spike length, which indicate high variability between tested genotypes. All examined traits showed high heritability. The grain yield was in positive significant correlation with grains weight per spike (r=0,928) and number of grains per spike (r=0,793). High values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) were noted for grain yield, biological yield, grains weight per spike, number of grains per spike, spike length, which indicate high variability between tested genotypes. All examined traits showed high heritability. The grain yield was in positive significant correlation with grains weight per spike (r=0,928) and number of grains per spike (r=0,793).
MONITORING OF ACTIVE AND TITRATABLE ACIDITY IN WHITE BRINED CHEESE DURING RIPENNING PERIOD
This study investigates the dynamics of active and titratable acidity in white brined cheese throughout its ripening period. Monitoring these parameters is crucial for understanding the biochemical changes that influence the cheese's flavor, texture, and overall quality. Using standard analytical methods, we measured pH and titratable acidity at regular intervals during the ripening process. The results indicated a significant decrease in pH, coupled with an increase in titratable acidity, reflecting the ongoing microbial and enzymatic activities. These changes were correlated with the development of desirable organoleptic properties. The findings provide valuable insights for cheese producers to optimize ripening conditions, ensuring consistent product quality. This research highlights the importance of acidity monitoring as a critical control point in cheese production.
COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS OF SOIL CARBON DETERMINATION USING TOC ANALYZER vs. WALKLEY-BLACK METHOD
Soil carbon measurement is critical for understanding soil health, fertility, and the role of soils in global carbon cycling and climate change mitigation. Two widely used methods for determining soil organic carbon (SOC) are the Walkley-Black method and the use of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzers. Each method has unique strengths and limitations, making them suitable for different applications depending on accuracy, cost, and available resources. This study compares the costs associated with both techniques, including capital investment, consumables, labor, maintenance, and waste disposal. Moreover, the quality assurance comparative analyses have been applied as well, assuming the basic reference criteria, such as: precision, accuracy and uncertainty of the measurements. Data from multiple laboratories and sample scales are used to develop a comprehensive cost model. The analysis highlights the trade-offs between precision, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, offering insights for selecting the most suitable method for different applications.
REMOTE MANAGEMENT IN SYSTEMS FOR IRRIGATION OF SOLAR ENERGY BUNARIES IN THE VITICULTURE
The cultivation of the vine by the people has been dated for centuries or thousands of years, yet the progress of knowledge in the cultivation of the vine has grown enormously over the last fifty years. Mass production with high-grade grape varieties, wine and table, thick planting, the use of fertilizers, the application of irrigation, and the acquisition of high yields, contributed to the intensification of conditions for disease development, harmful insects and weed development. For that purpose, mobile solar aggregates are very suitable today for agriculture (viticulture, fruit growing, crop production, gardening, animal husbandry, etc.), especially in those locations where there is no possibility of availability of power supply, but also in cases where we have organic food production, because they satisfy even the most stringent environmental standards. More recently today, the world is working on the intensive development and application of mobile solar generators that include solar tracking systems and they find application in agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Agriculture and Plant Sciences
INTRODUCTION AND DETERMINATION OF NEW TOMATO HYBRIDS
The determination of the organoleptic characteristics in tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. is a significant part in the basic needs and requirements of the market, but also in increasing the export potential. The aim of the research is the selection of new red tomato hybrids Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. According to their organoleptic, morphological and sensory characteristics, for possible commercialization. In the research, 23 coded new indeterminate hybrids of red tomato were analyzed and compared with 5 already present commercial hybrids (Brave F1, Adriatik F1, Matissimo F1, Alamina RZ F1, Signora F1). The tomato was produced from seedlings by a registered nursery grower Agro Koni, and it was planted in sheltered areas at a grower in Tirana, R. Albania. The properties that were examined: type of tomato (1 late / 5 early), plant strength (1 weak / 5 strong), length of internodes (1 long / 5 short), fruit quality (1 bad / 5 excellent), size of fruit (1 small/ 5 large), as well as fruit color, fertility potential (yield), as well as overall evaluation of the plants in a rank from 1 (bad) to 5 (excellent). The relationships between analyzed properties, descriptive and the variance's analysis provided an insight into those hybrids that satisfy the methodological requirements. Based on the results and determination of new hybrids with improved properties from the existing ones, the needs of the market and consumers are influenced. According to the genetic potential and phenotypic characteristics, 3 new hybrids (TME221276, TME220244 and TME220245) were determined, which satisfied the examined criteria, thus giving the opportunity to be included in the cluster of commercial hybrids on the market.
ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG BARLEY VARIETIES WITH DIFFERENT ORIGIN USING SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT (SSR) MARKERS
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the principal cereal crops in the world, because it’s used as raw material in beer production, animal feed and human consumption. The propose of this research was to determine the genetic diversity among barley genotypes developed in different counties using the SSR marker. As an experimental material were used twenty-one two row barley varieties with different origin. Three varieties and two promising lines were Macedonian, two varieties were Serbian, two varieties had Croatian origin and the other twelve varieties were developed in Bulgaria. Eighteen SSR markers were used to characterize the genetic diversity among the barley varieties and two of them had high polymorphisms (MGB402 and MGB318). The calculated polymorphism information content (PIC) values range from 0.163 to 0.574, which shows the importance of the markers for future diversity analysis of barley. Primer MGB318 showed the highest PIC and for MGB391 was obtained the lowest PIC. Using Unweight Pair Group Method, dendrogram tree was constructed and all studied genotypes were divided in three main groups, branched into sun-subgroup. These results can be useful for barley germplasm management and design of new crosses for future breeding propose. Key words: barley, simple sequence repeat, genetic diversity, polymorphism information content, varieties