Научно-стручна конференција Електротехника, Технологија, Информатика, Машинство и автоматика - технички науки во служба на економија, образование и индустрија.
University Goce Delchev Stip - Faculty of Electrical Engineering
The Third International Conference “Electrical Engineering, Technology, Informatics, Mechanical Engineering and Automation – Technical Sciences in the Service of the Economy, Education and Industry” (ETIMA’25), organized by the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the “Goce Delchev” University – Shtip, represents a significant scientific event that enables interdisciplinary exchange of knowledge and experience among researchers, professors, and experts in the field of technical sciences. The conference was held in an online format and brought together 78 authors from five different countries. The ETIMA conference aims to establish a forum for scientific communication, encouraging multidisciplinary collaboration and promoting technological innovations with direct impact on modern life. Through the presentation of scientific papers, participants shared the results of their research and development activities, contributing to the advancement of knowledge and practice in relevant fields. The first ETIMA conference was organized four years ago, featuring 40 scientific papers. The second conference took place in 2023 and included over 30 papers. ETIMA’25 continued this scientific tradition, presenting more than 40 papers that reflect the latest achievements in electrical engineering, technology, informatics, mechanical engineering, and automation. At ETIMA’25, papers were presented that addressed current topics in technical sciences, with particular emphasis on their application in industry, education, and the economy. The conference facilitated fruitful discussions among participants, encouraging new ideas and initiatives for future research and projects. ETIMA’25 reaffirmed its role as an important platform for scientific exchange and international cooperation. The organizing committee extends sincere gratitude to all participants for their contribution to the successful realization of the conference and its scientific value. We extend our sincerest gratitude to all colleagues who, through the presentation of their papers, ideas, and active engagement in discussions, contributed to the success and scientific significance of ETIMA’25. CIP - Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека "Св. Климент Охридски", Скопје 62-049.8(062) 004-049.8(062) МЕЃУНАРОДНА конференција ЕТИМА (3 ; 2025 ; Штип) Зборник на трудови [Електронски извор] / Трета меѓународна конференција ЕТИМА 2025, 24-25 септември 2025 ; [главен и одговорен уредник Сашо Гелев] = Conference proceedings / Third international conference, 24-25 September 2025 ; [editor in chief Saso Gelev]. - Текст во PDF формат, содржи 357 стр., илустр. - Штип : Универзитет "Гоце Делчев", Електротехнички факултет ; Stip : "Goce Delchev" University, Faculty of Electrical engineering, 2025 Начин на пристапување (URL): https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/etima/en. - Наслов преземен од екранот. - Опис на изворот на ден 30.10.2025. - Трудови на мак. и англ. јазик. - Библиографија кон трудовите ISBN 978-608-277-128-1 а) Електротехника -- Примена -- Собири б) Машинство -- Примена -- Собири в) Автоматика -- Примена -- Собири г) Инфоматика -- Примена -- Собири COBISS.MK-ID 67297029
The Organizing Committee of the Conference
MEASURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF ELECTRICAL MOTORS
Awareness of the efficient use of electrical energy is becoming increasingly important, both in daily life and in industrial settings. Electric motors, which serve as the primary driving force in various applications, are the largest consumers of electrical energy. Enhancing their efficiency not only reduces electricity consumption and lowers costs but also decreases CO₂ emissions, contributing to a cleaner environment. The strict regulations imposed by the EU on motor manufacturers regarding efficiency classes of electric motors require a thorough evaluation of all design parameters that impact efficiency. Some key factors include the number of conductors per stator slot (slot fill factor), motor length and outer diameter, air gap length, and the replacement of aluminum in the rotor squirrel cage winding with copper, among others. Beyond design, the efficiency of electric motors also depends on operational factors such as loading conditions and cooling. Additionally, for a given application, multiple motor types may meet the drive requirements. For decades, asynchronous squirrel cage motors have dominated industries worldwide. However, the emergence of modern technologies and advanced materials, combined with the growing demand for higher efficiency, has made synchronous motors a viable alternative to traditional asynchronous squirrel cage motors. Synchronous motors can be categorized into several types, including line-start synchronous motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors with surface-mounted magnets, and permanent magnet synchronous motors with embedded magnets. This paper aims to provide recommendations for improving the efficiency of both asynchronous and synchronous motors, considering both design and operational aspects. It provides an overview of the construction details of asynchronous motors and various types of synchronous motors, while also comparing their operating characteristics. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of each motor type are highlighted, with concluding remarks on their respective fields of application.
ПРИМЕНА НА НАНОМАТЕРИЈАЛИ КАЈ ФОТОВОЛТАИЧНИ ЌЕЛИИ ЗА ЗГОЛЕМУВАЊЕ НА НИВНАТА ЕФИКАСНОСТ ПРЕКУ НАМАЛУВАЊЕ НА РАБОТНАТА ТЕМПЕРАТУРА
Фотоволтаичните системи се еден од најодржливите обновливи извори на енергија, но нивната ефикасност се намалува поради високите температури што се јавуваат при големо сончево зрачење. Еден од начините за решавање на овој проблем е пасивното ладење со материјали за промена на фазата (PCM), кои ја апсорбираат, складираат и подоцна ослободуваат топлината, што помага во одржување на стабилна температура на панелите и зголемување на нивната ефикасност. Во летните месеци, соларните панели апсорбираат околу сончево зрачење, а дел од топлината природно се дисипира при надворешна температура повисока од . За ладење може да се користат наноматеријали како , и . Овој истражување покажува дека со додавање на од , површинската температура на панелите се намалува на 49,896°C, додека со , температурата се намалува на . Со додавање на , температурата исто така се намалува. Овие промени резултираат со зголемена електрична ефикасност на панелите, достигнувајќи подобро искористување на панелот. Ова истражување потврдува дека употребата на PCM во комбинација со наноматеријали е ефикасен метод за ладење, што може значително да ја подобри работата и долговечноста на фотоволтаичните системи.
INTRAORAL ELECTROSTIMULATOR FOR RADIATION INDUCED XEROSTOMIA IN PATIENTS WITH HEAD AND NECK CANCER
Abstract Xerostomia is a common condition that often affects patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. The condition arises primarily due to damage to the salivary glands, leading to a significant reduction in saliva production. This not only impacts oral health but also diminishes the quality of life for patients, making it essential to explore effective treatment options. One such innovation is the SaliPen electrostimulator, a device designed to stimulate salivary gland function. Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of the SaliPen electrostimulator in patients suffering from xerostomia due to radiotherapy. When the SaliPen is activated, the control unit generates low-frequency electrical impulses. These impulses are typically in the range of 1 to 100 Hz, which is optimal for stimulating the salivary glands without causing discomfort to the user. The generated impulses are transmitted through the electrodes to the oral mucosa. The design of the electrodes ensures that the electrical current penetrates the tissue effectively, reaching the nerve endings associated with the salivary glands. The electrical impulses stimulate the afferent nerve fibers in the oral mucosa, particularly those linked to the parasympathetic nervous system. As a result of the electrical stimulation, neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine are released at the synapses of the salivary glands. Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter in the stimulation of saliva secretion, activating the glandular cells responsible for producing saliva. The activation of the salivary glands leads to an increase in saliva production. The SaliPen effectively enhances the function of the remaining viable salivary tissue, allowing patients to experience relief from the symptoms of xerostomia. As further research elucidates its benefits and optimizes treatment protocols, the SaliPen may become a standard element in the care of patients suffering from the debilitating effects of dry mouth. As healthcare continues to evolve, innovations like the SaliPen demonstrate the potential for improved outcomes in the management of complex postradiation-related symptoms. Key words: electrostimulation, xerostomia, radiotherapy, salivary glands, head and neck cancer
electrostimulation, xerostomia, radiotherapy, salivary glands, head and neck cancer
DENTAL IMPLANTS ANALYSIS WITH SEM MICROSCOPE
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning its surface with a focused beam of electrons. The electrons interact with the atoms in the sample, generating various signals that contain information about the surface topography and composition of the sample. The electron beam is scanned in a raster pattern, and the beam position is combined with the intensity of the detected signal to create an image. In the most common SEM mode, secondary electrons emitted by atoms excited by the electron beam are detected using a secondary electron detector (Everhart-Thornley detector). The number of secondary electrons that can be detected, and thus the signal intensity, depends, among other factors, on the sample's topography. Some SEMs can achieve resolutions better than 1 nanometer. Samples are observed under high vacuum in a conventional SEM or under low vacuum or wet conditions in a variable pressure or environmental SEM. They can also be examined across a wide range of cryogenic or elevated temperatures using specialized instruments. The instrument model is Tescan Vega 3 LMU. In dentistry, samples must first be prepared using an appropriate method depending on what will be analyzed. After that, they need to be further prepared for microscopy. In this case, the sample was applied only to a holder with a double-sided adhesive carbon tape without coating. The analyses were performed under high vacuum using an SE detector for morphological examination and an EDS detector for point chemical analysis. For handling the implants, sterile gloves were used to prevent additional contamination.
chemical, contamination, detector, implants, sterile.
СОВРЕМЕНО РАНОГРАДИНАРСКО ПРОИЗВОДСТВО СО ПРИМЕНА НА ОБНОВЛИВИ ЕНЕРГЕТСКИ ИЗВОРИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ
Оваа студија истражува модерно производство на раноградинарски култури со акцент на интеграција на обновливи извори на енергија и технологии. Ги испитува хидропониката, аквапониката, климатски контролираните стакленици, автоматизацијата и дигитализацијата, заедно со примената на сончева, геотермална, биомаса и ветерна енергија. Со прикажување на студии на случај и технички иновации, студијата го истакнува придонесот на овие технологии кон енергетската ефикасност, намалениот јаглероден отпечаток и локалниот економски развој. Посебен фокус е ставен на потенцијалот за имплементација во Северна Македонија, каде што поволните климатски услови, инвестициските можности и институционалните рамки претставуваат и можности и предизвици. Студијата дава заклучок за препораки за подобрена поддршка, едукација и стратешка интеграција кон одржливо земјоделство.
BATTERY STORAGE IN TRACTION POWER SUPPLY
Modern traction power supply systems face growing demands for greater efficiency, reliability, and capacity. This paper explores the integration of battery energy storage systems as a key technology to address these challenges. By capturing and reusing energy from regenerative braking, battery energy storage systems significantly enhances system performance. Deployed as either stationary wayside units or on-board systems), this technology offers three primary benefits: improving power efficiency through peak shaving and reducing grid dependency; increasing network capacity to support more or longer vehicles without costly infrastructure upgrades; and mitigating line voltage fluctuations caused by vehicle acceleration and braking. This paper is the basis for further research into the application of battery energy storage systems in the tram and trolleybus network of Bratislava. The findings from this paper will be applied with regard to the specifics of the transport network and its traction system in the authors further research.
LASERS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY
Pediatric dentistry's mission in delivering care to our young patients is simple: provide optimal preventive, interceptive, and restorative dental care in a stress-free environment. The goal of paediatric dentistry is to provide preventive education to parents and patients as well as interception and therapy of dental diseases in a minimally invasive way using a stress-free approach. Modern dental medicine seeks to use an approach that is minimally invasive. The most commonly used lasers in dentistry include holmium yttrium aluminium garnet (HO:YAG), neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG), carbon dioxide laser (CO2), erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG), neodymium doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (Nd:YAP), gallium arsenide (GaAs) (diode), erbium, chromium doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er-Cr:YSGG) and argon lasers enable for minimally invasive dentistry for hard- and soft-tissue procedures. This paper offers a revision and a discussion of the international literature, showing also some clinical procedures related to these scientific studies. An electronic search was carried out in IranMedex, InterScience, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Medline and Google Scholar databases to find relevant published articles. Laser applications on hard tissues include caries prevention and detection and application for sealing of pits and fissures, application for cavity preparation, carious removal and pulp therapy. Soft tissues laser applications in Pediatric Dentistry include application in oral surgery as well as in periodontics and orthodontics. Lasers allow pediatric dentists to provide optimal care without many of the fear factors that result from conventional dental techniques in addition to photobiostimulation or therapeutic lasers that produce their healing benefits without producing heat. Because many children may experience laser treatment as their first contact with dentistry, there is a possibility that a new generation of patients will grow up with a different attitude toward dentistry. Parents are enthusiastic about being able to offer their children the advantages of laser care. It is essential to have a good knowledge of laser operation and of which type of laser is most appropriate for each lesion. The choice of optimal energy parameters is a requirement for successful laser caries treatment in pediatric dentistry. The benefit of laser dental treatment has been shown to be the greatest in children.
laser, pediatric dentistry, laser in dentistry
DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
This paper presents the technical design and simulation-based performance analysis of a photovoltaic system implemented on the rooftop of a small industrial facility located in the central region of North Macedonia. The system includes 136 monocrystalline solar panels with a rated power of 545 W each, connected through two 36 kW Sungrow inverters and configured to meet industrial energy demands efficiently. Simulations were performed using PVsyst software based on real meteorological data from METEONORM, with calculated energy yield, monthly generation profiles, system losses, and performance ratio. The PV system demonstrated high efficiency, with a projected annual generation of 98 MWh and an average performance ratio exceeding 87%. The technical solution also considers optimal panel orientation, tilt angles, cable dimensioning, and protection measures, in accordance with engineering standards. The project highlights the viability of rooftop PV systems in industrial applications as a reliable and sustainable energy source.
Photovoltaic system, PVsyst, METEONORM, solar energy, renewable energy, energy performance.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE OF ENDODONTIC EQUIPMENT WITH GASTRIC PACEMAKER
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from endodontic equipment could potentially affect a gastric pacemaker. This article is an overview of the interaction risks, potential consequences, and precautions of the electromagnetic interference of those devices. It is all about interaction that certain electronic dental devices may interfere with the pacemaker’s function, but the level of risk depends on the type of equipment and how close it's used to the pacemaker. The gastric pacemaker operates using small electrical impulses to stimulate stomach muscles. If an endodontic device induces unintended electrical currents in the body, these could be picked up by the pacemaker’s leads, potentially disrupting its normal function. Electromagnetic interference between a gastric pacemaker (also called a gastric electrical stimulator, GES) and endodontic equipment is a potential concern, especially in dental procedures involving electronic endodontic devices. On the other hand, endodontic devices are used in root canal therapy include apex locators, electric motors for rotary files, electrosurgery units, and ultrasonic devices and they generate electrical or electromagnetic fields. In summury, the patients with a gastric pacemaker can be managed safely in the dental setting with input from the gastroenterology team and the manufacturing team. De- and re-activation is relatively simple and ensures that the risk to both device and patient is reduced as far as is reasonably practicable. Also, there is a need to keep electrical devices (especially ultrasonic and electrosurgical tools) at least 15–30 cm (6–12 inches) away from the implanted pacemaker site of use modern apex locators and rotary motors with minimal electromagnetic emission, to minimize electromagnetic interference between those two devices.
VARIANT SOLUTIONS FOR A PARKING LOT COVERED WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS
The photovoltaic system is a relevant energy source that, in addition to the well-known negative impacts on the grid, bring specific added value. Photovoltaic panels are valuable element in progressive building architecture. Such incorporation of photovoltaics brings potential eliminating the take-up of valuable land. The use of panels for parking lot roofing is a symbiotic solution that saves agricultural land and protects parked cars from various external environmental influences. The ambition of the paper is use a model example and in variants solutions show the technical and economic context. Designed parking lot in Nové Košariská, retrofitted with a PV system in four alternative solutions is presented in this paper.
IMPACT OF LIGHT POLLUTION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY
This paper examines the impact of light pollution on energy efficiency with a focus on the European context. Light pollution, caused by excessive and mismanaged artificial lighting, contributes not only to ecological degradation but also to unnecessary energy waste and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The analysis draws on existing literature, case studies, and European policy frameworks to identify effective strategies for addressing this issue. Results highlight three main areas: the potential of reducing electricity demand through efficient lighting design and smart management systems, the integration of renewable energy sources such as solar power into urban lighting infrastructures, and the role of technological advancements in LEDs and adaptive control systems. Case studies from European cities, along with projects in environmentally sensitive regions, demonstrate measurable energy savings and ecological benefits. Policy directives provide the regulatory basis, though challenges in implementation and public awareness remain. Overall, the findings suggest that mitigating light pollution represents both an environmental necessity and an economic opportunity, supporting sustainable urban development and improved quality of life.
System restoration following a blackout event involves complex electrical and operational challenges that must comply with Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2196 and following TSOs’ restoration codes as mandated by that Regulation. It is also mandated that TSOs review the measures of their restoration plan, including the energising restoration path from restoration service providers with black start or island operation capabilities. This paper presents a simulation-based analysis of electromagnetic and wave transients during the energisation of a hypothetical restoration route between a hydroelectric power plant (HPP) providing black-start service and a nuclear power plant (NPP) requiring auxiliary power for its systems. The study evaluates sequential and simultaneous energisation strategies using various EMTP models for the transformers. Results reveal significant insights regarding transient voltages, inrush currents, and harmonic content critical and highlight the importance of precise route modelling.
CORRELATION OF DENTAL MEDICINE STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL COURSES
AIM. - The main aim of this study was to investigate the correlations of final grades among dental students across three academic courses, examining both their pre-clinical and clinical performances, and to determine the relationships between their achievements in pre-clinical practical courses and clinical courses. MATERIAL AND METHOD. The final preclinical and clinical grades for 34 graduates from the Faculty of Medical Sciences at Goce Delcev University in Stip, North Macedonia, who studied dental medicine between 2020 and 2022 (appropriate generations), were retrieved. The study examined three courses: one preclinical course, Preclinical Periodontology, and two clinical courses, Periodontology 1 and Periodontology 2. Final grades for these courses were sourced from the students’ information system (e-index) and evaluated anonymously. Correlation analysis methods were applied to discover the relationship between two variables/datasets, as well as the strength of that relationship. RESULTS. The data analysis indicates a positive relationship between the grades of students in preclinical courses and their final grades in clinical courses. In particular, it has been found that students with higher final grades in preclinical courses often achieve higher final grades in clinical courses as well. However, it is important to note that many students experience discrepancies in their final grades between the two clinical courses. CONCLUSION. Our research suggests a potential positive correlation between preclinical and clinical performance, indicating that clinical outcomes may be forecasted based on preclinical final grades. Additionally, students who demonstrate proficiency in the necessary clinical procedures during the ninth semester tend to maintain that proficiency in the tenth semester. However, it is important to acknowledge that the specific factors influencing this relationship were not explored in this study and warrant further investigation.
preclinical courses, clinical courses, final grades, Students’ performance
THE ROLE OF CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS TRAINING TO PREVENT PHISHING
Phishing remains one of the most common cyber threats today, with email being the primary attack vector. Cybersecurity awareness training plays a critical role in strengthening an organization's defence against persistent threats. This research paper examines the impact of cybersecurity awareness training on employees’ “online” behavior. The analysis utilizes results from earlier research to evaluate baseline cyber hygiene and assess how training impacts employees’ ability to recognize and respond to phishing threats. Following the results, a comprehensive cybersecurity awareness training program was implemented, focusing on recognizing and reporting phishing emails, safe browsing practices, and maintaining strong passwords. The results indicate a significant improvement in the organization's cyber hygiene post-training. The data reveals a substantial decrease in the number of employees’ falling victim to phishing attempts, alongside a notable increase in the reporting of phishing emails to the IT department. These findings suggest that the training not only enhanced employees' ability to recognize phishing attempts but also encouraged them to stay alert and report suspicious activities. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of continuous training and periodic phishing simulations to sustain high levels of cybersecurity awareness. Regular training programs equip employees with the necessary skills to identify and respond to cyber threats, ultimately creating a more secure and resilient digital environment.
phishing, cybersecurity, awareness, training
ADVANCEMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL DIGITAL SENSORS (VERSION 3.0 TO 4.0) AND RADAR SYSTEMS FOR OBJECT DETECTION: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW
In this digital age, sensors and digital components are a crucial part of modern life, as they are used daily to simplify various processes. The use of the sensors and other industrial components is wider starting from science, IoT, technology stakeholders and finishing to educational processes which shows that this kind of components are used in every field. This scientific paper represents a review of the latest advancements and developments in the industrial digital sensors and components, focusing on versions 3.0 and 4.0 and also their use to develop radar systems for object detection. The review mostly focuses on covering key advancements and developments, challenges and future directions in these fields and technologies, providing insight for students, researchers, engineers and also industry stakeholders.
industrial digital sensors, version 3.0 to 4.0, radar systems, object detection, advancements, challenges.
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS FOR ENHANCING DRONE-TO-TOC COMMUNICATION PERFORMANCE IN MILITARY AND CRISIS OPERATIONS
Drone-to-TOC (Tactical Operations Center) communication is increasingly essential for military and crisis management operations, offering significant advantages in operational flexibility, real-time situational awareness, and rapid response capabilities. However, these advancements introduce numerous technical and operational challenges that must be addressed to fully exploit the benefits of drone communication. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current challenges facing drone-to-TOC communications, including vulnerabilities to electronic warfare, cyber threats, interoperability issues, and bandwidth limitations. Electronic warfare, such as jamming and spoofing, significantly affects the reliability of UAV communication systems, demanding resilient, adaptive solutions. Cybersecurity threats further complicated secure data transmission, creating a need for advanced encryption, robust authentication protocols, and secure communication frameworks. Interoperability among multinational forces remains a persistent challenge due to varying encryption standards, data-sharing protocols, and differing technological platforms. Additionally, managing the increasing data volume and ensuring low latency transmission are critical concerns for maintaining seamless communication. Drawing on the latest developments from tactical radio networks, advanced military communications strategies, quantum-safe encryption technologies, and AI-driven cybersecurity measures, this paper proposes a set of solutions aimed at enhancing drone-to-TOC communication performance. Recommendations include implementing adaptive software-defined radios, integrating decentralized security mechanisms, and developing unified interoperability standards. These approaches aim to strengthen operational effectiveness, cybersecurity resilience, and reliability of drone communications during critical military and crisis management scenarios.
Adaptive Communication, Bandwidth Optimization, Decentralized Networks, Drone-to-TOC Communication.
BENEFITS OF STUDYING 8086 MICROPROCESSOR FOR UNDERSTANDING CONTEMPORARY MICROPROCESSOR
This paper explores the benefits of studying the 8086 microprocessor to enhance the understanding of contemporary microprocessors. The 8086 microprocessor, introduced by Intel, is a foundational architecture that paved the way for modern microprocessor designs. By analyzing its core components and instruction set, we demonstrate how fundamental concepts introduced in the 8086 are still relevant in today’s advanced processors. The paper compares the architectural evolution of microprocessors, highlighting key differences and similarities between the 8086 and modern processors. A comparative analysis underscores the value of studying the 8086, particularly for students and professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge of microprocessor architecture. We emphasize how understanding this early processor facilitates learning more complex features found in contemporary systems. In the experimental section, results from tests performed using the 8086 Emulator and DevC++ are presented. These experiments evaluate how basic operations and instructions from the 8086 are executed and compared with similar operations in contemporary compilers. This evaluation confirms the continuing relevance of foundational microprocessor principles and their role in modern technological advancements.
8086 microprocessor, pipelining, contemporary microprocessor, Emu8086
СПОРЕДБЕНА АНАЛИЗА НА ПОТРОШУВАЧКА, ЕНЕРГЕТСКА ЕФИКАСНОСТ И ТРОШОЦИ КАЈ ВОЗИЛА СО РАЗЛИЧЕН ТИП НА ПОГОН
Овој труд претставува споредбена анализа на потрошувачката на енергија, енергетската ефикасност и трошоците поврзани со возење на 100 километри кај возила со различен тип на погон: бензински, дизелски, електрични и водородни возила со горивни ќелии. Истражувањето се базира на податоци од пет водечки автомобилски производители – Toyota, Hyundai, BMW, Honda и Mercedes-Benz – и вклучува анализа на енергетска конверзија, енергетска густина, пазарни цени на енергенсите и вкупен трошок за користење. Резултатите покажуваат дека електричните возила имаат највисока ефикасност и најниски оперативни трошоци, додека конвенционалните бензински и дизел возила се помалку ефикасни и генерираат поголеми емисии. Анализата исто така укажува на значителен потенцијал за декарбонизација преку електрификација и употреба на зелена водородна технологија.
енергетска ефикасност, електрични возила, горивни ќелии, трошоци, хидроген, декарбонизација
ПРЕДНОСТИ И НЕДОСТАТОЦИ ПРИ УПОТРЕБА НА ЛАСЕР ВО РЕСТАВРАТИВНАТА СТОМАТОЛОГИЈА И ЕНДОДОНЦИЈА
Стоматолошките ласери се модерни алатки со бројни предности и индикации во стоматологијата, од отстранување на кариозните лезии, превенција на кариес, третман на гингивитис и пародонтопатија па се до хируршки интервенции. Цел на овој труд е да ја прикажеме клиничката примена, предностите, предизвиците , начинот на работа во реставративната стоматологија и ендодонција. Направивме литературно пребарување на литературата во последните 10 години со цел запазување на современоста и моменталната застапенот на истиот. Принципот на ласерската препарација е тоа што емајлот и дентинот добро ги апсорбираат ласерските зраци како резултат на водата и OH јоните на хидроксиапатот. При апсорпција на енергијата доага до зголемување на темературата и притисиокот во забното ткиво и резултира со отстранување на кариозното ткиво со запазување на принципот на минимално инвазивна препарација. Ласерите имаат голема улога при елиминирање на микроорганизмите од коренските канали. Неуспешниот ендодонтски третман најчесто е резутлат на присуството на микроорганизми во коренскиот канал или во дентинските тубули. Со цел да се намали ваквото присуство на микроорганизми, и да се избегне можен неуспешен третман, се препорачува и ласерско зрачење на коренскиот канал. Ласерот е алатка со голема предност, бидејќи засекувањети на тврдите забни ткивае без болка и притисок со што нелагодноста на пациентот е сведена на минимум, со отсуство на дискомфорт, болка , вибрации, притисок. Клучни зборови:кариес, ендодотски третман, ласер
ИНТЕГРАЦИЈА НА ДИГИТАЛНИОТ СПЕКТРОФОТОМЕТАР ВО ДЕНТАЛНАТА МЕДИЦИНА – НОВИ МОЖНОСТИ ЗА ТОЧНОСТ И КВАЛИТЕТ
Современата дентална медицина е во постојан технолошки напредок, преку интеграцијата на дигиталните технологии кои играат клучна улога во подобрувањето на точноста, ефикасноста и квалитетот на стоматолошките третмани. Еден од најзначајните напредоци во денталната медицина е употребата на дигиталниот спектрофотометар, кој овозможува објективно, брзо и репродуктивно одредување на бојата на забите. Традиционалните методи за одредувањето на бојата, како што се визуелното споредување со стандардни бои или употребата на класични водичи за бои (клучеви на бои), често се подложни на варијации поради субјективни фактори како што се осветлувањето во просторијата односно дали е природна дневна светлина или рефлектор, искуството на стоматологот, индивидуалната перцепција на бојата, обоеноста на просторијата каде што се одредува бојата, бојата на компресата како и доколку пациентите имаат кармин. Ова може да резултира со несоодветно одредување на боите, што е критично за успешноста на естетските стоматолошки третмани. Интеграцијата на дигиталниот спектрофотометар во денталната медицина овозможува прецизно мерење на бојата на забите преку анализа на светлосните спектри. Овој инструмент користи напредна технологија за регистрирање на различни бранови должини на светлината рефлектирана од површината на забот, овозможувајќи висока точност во одредувањето на нијансата, светлината и хроматичноста. Овие добиени податоци потоа се пренесуваат во стоматолошките лаборатории, овозможувајќи изработка на протетски реставрации (како што се коронки, фасети и мостови) со боја што совршено се усогласува со природните заби на пациентот. Една од најголемите придобивки од дигиталните спектрофотометари е елиминирање на човекова грешка и подобрување на комуникацијата помеѓу стоматолозите и забните техничари. Ова значително го намалува бројот на корекции и повтони изработки на реставрации, што резултира со заштеда на време и финансиски средства како за стоматологот, така и за техничарот, а и за пациентот. Дополнително, оваа технологија овозможува архивирање односно сочувување во посебно формати на податоците за бојата на забите на пациентите, што овозможува следење на промените со текот на времето и олеснување на идните третмани. И покрај значителните придобивки, интеграцијата на дигиталниот спектрофотометар во стоматолошката пракса се соочува со одредени предизвици. Факторите како што се природното и вештачкото осветлување, состојбата на емајлот на забот и присуството на површински конкременти можат да влијаат врз точноста на мерењата и одредувањето на бојата со помош на дигиталните спектрофотометри. Поради ова, потребна е соодветна обука на стоматолозите и персоналот на заботехничките лаборатории со цел да се постигнат оптимални резултати. Заклучно, дигиталниот спектрофотометар претставува еден револуционерен инструмен, односно значаен напредок што се применува во денталната медицина кој овозможува нови можности за зголемена точност, предвидливост и зголемен квалитет во естетските стоматолошки третмани. Неговата секојдневна примена значително го олеснува процесот на одредување на бојата, ја минимизира субјективноста и овозможува персонализирани решенија индивидуално за секој пациентите. Со понатамошниот технолошки развој и усовршување, оваа технологија има потенцијал да стане стандард во современата стоматолошка пракса, обезбедувајќи високо естетски и функционални решенија за пациентите
aesthetics, color, light, shade, chromaticity
ШИРОКОПОЈАСЕН ПРЕНОС НА ПОДАТОЦИ ПРЕКУ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГЕТСКАТА МРЕЖА
Овој труд претставува преглед на технологијата за широкопојасна комуникација преку електричната мрежа (Broadband over Power Line Communication - BPLC) како средство за комуникација при детекција, контрола и автоматизација на електричната мрежа. Некои од апликациите каде што оваа технологија може да се примени се пренос на информации од уреди за мерење на квалитетот на електричната енергија, системи за управување со енергија и автоматизација, управување со побарувачка и други. Во трудот е прикажан преглед и анализа на барањата за комуникациски систем базиран на BPLC, со посебен акцент на условите на постојната мрежна инфраструктура потребни за користење на оваа технологија. Трудот е изработен врз база на вистински пример односно земена е електричната мрежа на градот Богота во Колумбија за анализа и нејзина модернизација се со цел полесно и попрактично користење денес.
ПРИМЕНА НА WAMS И WACS СИСТЕМИ ВО SMART GRID
Во екот на еволуцијата и истражувачката ера на паметните енергетски мрежи, се јавува сè поголема потреба од технологии за следење, анализа и контрола во реално време. Системите за мониторинг на широкаповршина (WAMS) и системите за контрола на широка површина (WACS) се составен дел од подобрувањето на сигурноста, стабилноста и оперативната ефикасност на мрежата. Овие системи обезбедуваат податоци со висока резолуција, временски синхронизирани и овозможуваат координирани контролни дејствија низ големи географски области. Се истражува улогата на WAMS и WACS системите во подобрувањето на видливоста и контролата на паметната мрежа, особено со интеграцијата на обновливи извори. Дискутирани се нивните придонеси за ублажување на нарушувања и зголемување на заштитата. Презентирани се достигнувања и студии на случаи, но и предизвици, како високите капитални инвестиции, барањата за комуникациски мрежи, сложената синхронизација и сајбер безбедноста. Единството помеѓу WAMS и WACS е клучно за транзицијата кон интелигентна, одржлива електрична мрежа.
WAMS; WACS; Паметна енергетска мрежа; Стабилност и сигурност на мрежата; Реално време; мониторинг; контрола; Комуникациски предизвици;
DESIGNING A SECURE COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK FOR UAV-TO-TOC OPERATIONS IN MILITARY AND EMERGENCY ENVIRONMENTS
Ensuring secure and reliable communication between Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Tactical Operations Centers (TOCs) is critical for mission success in military and emergency response operations. Traditional UAV-to-TOC communication frameworks often suffer from vulnerabilities, including electronic warfare threats, cyberattacks, bandwidth limitations, and interoperability constraints. This paper proposes a Secure Communication Framework for UAV-to-TOC Operations (SCF-UAVTOC) designed to enhance resilience, security, and efficiency in hostile and high-risk environments. The framework integrates end-to-end encryption, blockchain-based authentication, and adaptive frequency management to mitigate jamming and signal interception risks. Additionally, software-defined radios (SDR) optimize spectrum utilization, ensuring reliable communication even in contested environments. To counter cyber threats, intrusion detection systems (IDS) powered by real-time AI monitoring are incorporated, enabling proactive threat mitigation. Furthermore, the framework ensures multi-protocol interoperability, allowing seamless integration of UAV systems within joint military and emergency response operations. The effectiveness of the SCF-UAVTOC model is validated through comparative analysis and simulation-based testing, demonstrating superior performance in secure data transmission, resilience to electronic warfare, and adaptability to dynamic operational conditions. By adopting this framework, defense organizations and emergency agencies can significantly enhance UAV communication security, mission reliability, and overall operational effectiveness in complex battlefield and disaster scenarios.
Bandwidth Optimization, Blockchain, Military UAV Communication, Network Security, Secure UAV-to-TOC Communication, Tactical Data Links.
SIMULATION-BASED PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A SECURE UAV-TO-TOC COMMUNICATION FRAMEWORK IN MILITARY AND EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
Secure and reliable communication between Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Tactical Operations Centers (TOCs) is a cornerstone of success in military and emergency response operations. As modern battlefields and disaster zones become increasingly reliant on real-time data, conventional UAV communication systems continue to struggle with electronic warfare threats, cyber intrusions, latency, and data loss under high-stress conditions. This paper presents a simulation-based performance evaluation of the previously proposed Secure Communication Framework for UAV-to-TOC Operations (SCF-UAVTOC). The framework integrates blockchain-based authentication, software-defined radios (SDR), quantum-safe encryption, and AI-driven intrusion detection. Simulated scenarios, reflecting contested environments with jamming, spoofing, and bandwidth congestion, were executed to assess the framework's real-time performance against traditional models. Metrics such as data delivery success rate, latency under stress, and cybersecurity resilience were analyzed. The results clearly show that SCF-UAVTOC significantly improves communication reliability, reduces latency, and maintains mission continuity, even under adversarial conditions. This research provides empirical evidence that advanced security and adaptive communication technologies can transform UAV network resilience in real-world military and crisis settings, offering a path toward more robust tactical communication infrastructures.
Adaptive Communication, Latency Optimization, Mission Continuity, Real-Time Transmission, Tactical Networks, UAV Operations, UAV-to-TOC Communication.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY STATUS IN PORTUGAL AND IN SLOVAKIA
Portugal and Slovakia, like other European countries, face the critical challenge of transforming their energy sectors to meet the EU’s goal of climate neutrality by 2050. Achieving this target requires a comprehensive strategy involving new policies, advanced technologies, and sufficient financial investment to drive emission reductions and support a shift to more sustainable energy systems. While the overarching goal is the same across Europe, each country’s approach is shaped by its specific conditions—such as geography, climate, natural resources, political priorities, and social factors. Therefore, national energy and climate strategies differ in scope and ambition. This paper focuses on the scale of transformation required in the energy sector, examining what Portugal and Slovakia must do to meet their 2050 climate targets. It analyzes their current energy systems, key challenges, and progress toward decarbonization. By comparing these two countries, the paper highlights how geographical and demographic differences influence their respective energy profiles. Portugal, with abundant renewable resources, and Slovakia, with a strong nuclear component, offer contrasting but instructive examples of the diverse paths European nations are taking toward a low-carbon future. The comparison helps illustrate the broader complexity of Europe's energy transition and the importance of tailored national strategies.
Energy, renewable energy sources, sustainable energy, energy sector
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DENTAL MEDICINE
There are four key sectors in which artificial intelligence is currently applied or has the potential to significantly influence the future of dentistry. Through this method, systems become capable of making predictions and making decisions based on previously collected information, which is very useful in diagnosing and treating diseases. AI systems operate by processing extensive labeled training datasets, identifying correlations and patterns, and utilizing these findings to make predictions about future conditions. The first and most critical application of AI in dentistry is in diagnostics, where it enables the analysis of large volumes of data, such as digital radiographs, 3D models, and photographs, allowing for the identification of anomalies that may not be visible to the naked eye. The second application is in treatment planning, where AI assists in developing customized treatment plans based on a patient's unique anatomical features, medical history, and anticipated outcomes. This technology also supports the accurate placement of dental implants and orthodontic appliances. The third area involves the analysis and management of data, which enhances the scheduling of appointments, document organization, and insurance status tracking. Finally, AI plays a vital role in the education of future dentists by providing realistic clinical simulations and virtual assistants, enabling students to practice complex procedures in a simulated environment that reflects real-world conditions. These simulations not only reduce the risk of errors during patient care but also facilitate ongoing and individualized learning experiences. In conclusion, we can say that artificial intelligence opens up new aspects and perspectives in modern dentistry.
artificial intelligence, virtual learning, artificial intelligence in dentistry, clinical simulations
IOT-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL IN 3D PRINTER ENCLOSURES FOR OPTIMAL PRINTING CONDITIONS
With 3D printing becoming a widespread manufacturing process, maintaining optimal environmental conditions is crucial for achieving high-quality 3D prints. This paper explores an IoT-based environmental control system for 3D printer enclosures, designed to regulate temperature and humidity in real time. This system incorporates sensors, microcontrollers, cloud-based databases and mobile applications in order to maintain the desired 3D printing environment. The automation of the control of the 3D printing conditions ensures higher-quality prints, improved material consistency and durability, and reduced print failures. Additionally, remote monitoring and mobile alerts provide users with up-to-date knowledge about the current and past environmental parameters, control of settings and additional control and command features. Experimental results will demonstrate the effectiveness of the climate control system, which in turn highlights the potential for both professional and hobbyist 3D printing applications.
USE OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR CURRENT DENSITY DISTRIBUTION ESTIMATION OF REBCO COATED CONDUCTORS
Rare-earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductors (CC) have the following advantages: high current density under high magnetic fields and mechanical strength. The REBCO CCs are expected to be applied for high field applications. However, the REBCO CCs have inhomogeneous critical current density due to local cracks or voids in the REBCO layer. It is known that these local defects might cause the normal-state transition, which can lead to significant damage to the magnet. It is necessary to perform non-destructive measurement of the REBCO conductor properties. A Hall Probe Measurement (HPM) is a non-destructive inspection method for critical current density distribution. In the HPM, a magnetic field is applied to the REBCO CC and the field induced by the shielding current is measured. Subsequently, the current density distribution is estimated from the measured field using inverse analysis, in common, based on the Biot-Savart Law or the Fourier transform. However, the resolution of the current density distribution by these methods is coarse and sometimes insufficient to detect the micro-scale defects. In this research, we have built a method to estimate the critical current distribution using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN model is trained using a set of distributions of the critical current density and the field. The estimation accuracy of the CNN model is investigated, and we compare the estimation results with those using conventional methods.
A REVIEW OF RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are critical components in ensuring the security of modern network infrastructures, providing real-time detection and mitigation of malicious activities. However, these systems are often challenged by limited computational resources, high false-positive rates, and inefficiencies in handling large volumes of data. Resource optimization techniques have emerged as a vital area of research aimed at enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of IDS implementations. This review systematically analyzes various resource optimization strategies employed in IDS. The paper discusses the applicability, advantages, limitations, and performance impacts of these techniques across different intrusion detection scenarios. Finally, future research directions are proposed, highlighting the potential integration of advanced machine learning methods and real-time adaptive optimization methods to further improve IDS efficiency and reliability.
IDS, single-objective, multi-objective, resources, optimization