ETIMA

PREFACE / ПРЕДГОВОР

2024-03-28T10:47:39+00:00

The Faculty of Electrical Engineering at University Goce Delcev (UGD), has organized the Second
International Conference Electrical Engineering, Informatics, Machinery and Automation -
Technical Sciences applied in Economy, Education and Industry-ETIMA.
ETIMA has a goal to gather the scientists, professors, experts, and professionals from the field of
technical sciences in one place as a forum for exchanging the ideas, strengthening the multidisciplinary
research and cooperation, and promoting the achievements of technology and its impact on every aspect
of living. We hope that this conference will continue to be a venue for presenting the latest research
results and developments on the field of technology.
Conference ETIMA was held as online conference. More than sixty colleagues contributed to this event,
from five different countries with more than thirty papers.
We would like to express our gratitude to all the colleagues, who contributed to the success of
ETIMA’23 by presenting the results of their current research and by launching the new ideas through
many fruitful discussions.
We invite you and your colleague to attend ETIMA Conference in the future as well. One should believe
that next time we will have opportunity to meet each other and exchange ideas, scientific knowledge
and useful information as well as to involve as much as possible the young researchers into this scientific
event.

ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF OPTIMAL PV PANEL TILT BASED ON CLEAR-SKY IRRADIANCE MODEL

2024-03-28T10:50:43+00:00

PV panel tilt and sun tracking are crucial aspect for PV conversion efficiency. We propose an analytical
methodology for estimation of optimal PV panel tilt based on calculation of the sun position and application of a
clear-sky solar irradiance model. Our model outputs three angles referencing a geolocation and the moment of
interest: the incidence angle θ, the sun altitude α and the sun azimuth z. The irradiance model estimates the solar
irradiation at a geolocation that can be used for PV conversion estimation based on specified tilt β. The moment
PV power is used for calculation of the daily energy production, and the optimal β is identified in the tilt range of
0° to 90°. Seasonal division of the year is performed, and optimal seasonal tilt is estimated based on the maximal
produced seasonal energy tested with every corresponding β. The methodology is tested on four typical seasonal
models - 12 months, 4 three-month quarters, 2 half-year seasons and single optimal annual fixed β. Preliminary
simulations produce promising results consistent with the practical engineering implementations.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPLE WASTE – ONE PRODUCT, TWO SOLUTIONS

2024-03-28T10:51:27+00:00

The world is facing an increasing need for energy which leads toward escalated exploitation of natural resources,
mostly fossil fuels resulting with environmental pollution and global warming. Hence, the problem of finding and
using alternative and clean energy sources is self-imposed. The environmental pollution problem increased the
interest in allocating more funds for scientific and research work on the use of biodegradable waste, thus in many
countries increased number of new power plants which utilize biomass and/or biogas increased.
Biogas is an interesting and important source of energy, especially when is generated from organic waste with
an anaerobic digestion procedure. By digesting biodegradable waste originating from various organic sources
such as mowing grass, cutting branches, biomass waste from farms and agricultural by-products, etc., in
anaerobic conditions, the waste is fermented, and biogas is obtained as an energy source. Simultaneously,
parasites and pathogenic bacteria are significantly reduced by more than 90%, which protects the groundwater,
the disposal of waste in landfills, which causes water and land pollution, is reduced, and quality fertilizer is
obtained for agriculture and other needs.
North Macedonia as primary agricultural country has large quantities of this type of waste which is a good
prerequisite for their rational economical use to obtain both, electricity and heat. Production and utilization of
biogas additionally opens opportunities for establishing a free market of electricity produced from renewable
energy sources. Finally, produced biogas could find its utilization value as renewable energy source for various
final customers starting from the largest, up to individual households or business users, as well as for utility
companies for gasification of cities or gas stations.

INTELLIGENT POWER MODULE CONTROLLED BY MICROCOMPUTER AND IMPLEMENTED IN AC MOTOR SPEED REGULATOR

2024-03-28T10:52:02+00:00

In the paper, a V/f AC motor speed regulator based on an intelligent power module (IPM) and a microcomputer
is designed and practically implemented. The ATmega 328P microcomputer controls the operation of the IPM
TM 35 and generates the SPWM pulses for controlling an asynchronous 3 phase AC motor. The intelligent power
module TM 35 works as a power driver that isolates and transmits the SPWM signals from the microcomputer to
the AC motor. A basic goal in the design of the device is the reduction of the necessary hardware components and
the price, as well as the improvement of the reliability of operation. The control and visualization of the operation
modes of the V/f controller is realized with an LCD display. The operation of the controller at idle and under load
has been tested.

COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND COGENERATION GAS-FIRED CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS

2024-03-28T10:52:35+00:00

Heating power plants are the major source of hot water intended for heating of communal areas or districts, or
even whole cities for any developed country on a large scale. The usual concept for conventional heating power
plants is burning fuel into combustible chambers called boilers and production of heat in the form of hot water.
Then, using already developed heat network consisted of pipes and pumps, the hot water is distributed to final
customers. At the cogeneration power plants, the process is almost similar, with the major difference that in the
boilers instead of hot water, the so-called superheated water vapor is generated which initially is used in the
steam turbinesfor electricity generation, and later the exhausted steam is re-used using condensers for production
of heat in the form of hot water for central heating purposes.
In this paper, the authors present comparative environmental analysis between two gas-fired plants used for
central heating of the city of Skopje. The first one is the conventional gas-fired heating plant which has only one
product, hot water for central heating purposes. The second power plant is cogeneration gas-fired power plant;
thus, it simultaneously generates electricity and heat used for central heating. Since 2013, both plants use natural
gas as primary fuel, which although still a fossil fuel, is less polluting and environmentally more acceptable. The
obtained results of the analysis and comparison between both power plants are given in details showing that both
plants are within the prescribed environmental regulations.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN BIFACIAL AND MONOFACIAL SOLAR PANELS USING PV*SOL SOFTWARE

2024-03-28T10:53:12+00:00

Traditional solar panels commonly used in today’s solar power projects are monofacial i.e., with solar cells only
on one side of the panels. Recently, many solar panel producers have improved their panel designs by introducing
so-called bifacial solar panels which feature solar cells on both sides of the solar panel. Producers claim that the
bifacial solar panels, regarding energy generation, typically overperforms the traditional monofacial solar panels
by about 5.5%, with additional investment cost between 10% and 25%, which strongly depends on the producer
and the size of the project.
In this paper, the authors made a simulation and comparative analysis between bifacial and monofacial solar
panels using PV*SOL simulation software. The simulation was done on a solar power project with an installed
capacity of 1 MW using exact solar insolation values for the exact geographical location. Typical bifacial and
monofacial half-cell solar panels available at the local market were used for the analysis. For enhancing the
analysis, two common placements of the panels were utilized, ground placement, and rooftop placement parallel
with the roof at the same inclination (pitch) and orientation (azimuth). Obtained results using PV*SOL simulation
software for both panels and both placements are presented with accompanying discussion. For ground
placement, bifacial solar panels resulted in increased energy generation of approximately 2.5%, while for rooftop
placements the amount of the increased energy generation was negligible. Ground-placed bifacial solar panels
have increased energy generation all year around, while rooftop bifacial solar panels provide larger energy
generation only during summer months, from June to August. For the rest of the year the energy generation
difference, although in favor of bifacial over monofacial solar panels, was still negligible

TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATON OF RETROFITTING A 210 MW THERMAL HEAVY-OIL POWER PLANT WITH A PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM USING MOLTEN SALT: A CASE STUDY OF TEC NEGOTINO

2024-03-28T10:54:09+00:00

This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of retrofitting a 210 MW thermal heavy-oil power plant, TEC
Negotino, with a photovoltaic solar thermal energy storage system using molten salt. The analysis includes a
sensitivity analysis of key parameters such as discharging duration, thermal storage and electric salt heater
capacity, and charging duration to assess their impact on the annual energy yield, load factor, total investment
cost (CapEx), and operational expenditure (OpEx). The results demonstrate that retrofitting the power plant with
the proposed system can significantly improve its sustainability and economic viability. The sensitivity analysis
highlights the importance of carefully considering these key parameters in the techno-economic evaluation of
renewable energy (solar photovoltaic) technology and thermal energy storage systems (using molten salt) for
retrofitting existing power plants. Moreover, the study's findings can provide valuable insights for decision-making
in the planning and implementation of greenfield projects, underscoring the potential benefits of incorporating
renewable energy technologies into the design and construction of new power plants. The assessment of both
CAPEX and OPEX ensures a comprehensive understanding of the financial implications of the retrofitting process,
aiding in the successful integration of renewable energy solutions into existing power infrastructure.

CHARGING STATIONS CONNECTED TO STREET LIGHT POWER SYSTEM

2024-03-28T10:54:51+00:00

The paper deals with the types of hydrogen production, methods for its storage and transport and possibilities of
end use of hydrogen. The basics of hydrogen economy are briefly describing and then the SWOT analysis of
hydrogen economy is performed. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of hydrogen economy are
summarized in the SWOT analysis. Based on that analysis, the biggest problems, and threats with possibil-ities of
solving those problems are summarized. SWOT analysis considers aspect of hy-drogen economy e.g. from energy
demands, financial difficulty, safety, and awareness about hydrogen. Conclusions involve suggestion how to avoid
above-mentioned aware-ness, and how could rise hydrogen utilization.

ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION OF PVPP FOR ELECTRICITY MARKET

2024-03-28T10:55:26+00:00

The photovoltaic power plants (PVPP) have various applications. PVPPs are used for household applications,
electricity production in off-grid systems, electric consumption reduction from the power grid, generation of
electricity to the grid, etc. Solar energy is a primary energy source which can be converted into electricity. This
type of energy source is highly dependent on the weather conditions, or in other words, they are intermittent.
PVPP without supporting devices could not produce electricity directly for the energy market, since they would
have too large deviations between the traded and produced electricity, what would lead to high financial penalties.
Batteries are one of the possible solutions to overcome the intermittent electricity production from PVPP, by
controlling the energy output. Collaboration of PVPP and battery storage systems would potentially enable a
direct energy production of the PVPP on the market, and new operating options.

ENERGY MIX OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

2024-03-28T10:56:11+00:00

This paper deals with the energy mix of the Slovak Republic with a focus on renewable energy sources and
their development in recent years. The share of renewable energy sources in electricity production in Slovakia
rose from 310 GWh in 2011 to 2 380 GWh in 2021. This number does not include hydro energy, which has had
a very good position in Slovakia for many years and its installed capacity is almost unchanged, in 2021 it was
2 546 MW, and electricity production was at about 4 600 GWh. The energy sector in Slovakia, as well as in
other European countries, must reflect worldwide changes and challenges. It needs to consider problems in
many fields, such as technical, economic, ecological, legislative, social, and political.
The current situation in the Slovak energy system is described with a focus on energy dependence and the
usage of renewables. Some energy statistics are shown in this paper. Finally, possible scenarios and plans for
the reduction of energy dependence are discussed.

SWOT ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN ECONOMY

2024-03-28T10:56:48+00:00

The paper deals with the types of hydrogen production, methods for its storage and transport, and possibilities of
end use of hydrogen. The basics of the hydrogen economy are briefly described and then the SWOT analysis of
the hydrogen economy is performed. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the hydrogen
economy are summarized in the SWOT analysis. Based on that analysis, the biggest problems, and threats with
possibilities of solving those problems are summarized. SWOT analysis considers aspects of the hydrogen
economy e.g. energy demands, financial difficulty, safety, and awareness about hydrogen. Conclusions involve
suggestions on how to avoid the above-mentioned awareness, and how could increase hydrogen utilization.

PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS OF DIMMING OF 400 W RATED HALIDE LAMPS (A CASE STUDY)

2024-03-28T10:57:29+00:00

The aim of the expertise in this case study was to find out the cause of the malfunctioning of the lamps in the
production hall. The light source was a halogen discharge lamp with a nominal power of 400 W. In accordance
with the requirements of the investor, the lighting intensity regulation was installed in the premises of the
production hall according to the daily light conditions. In conclusion, we explain the physical and chemical
mechanism of the cause of failures of a halogen lamp with a nominal power of 400 W. Due to uncontrollable nonequilibrium states and changes in activation energy, the regulation of the discharge of halogen lamps with a
nominal power of 400 W is inappropriate.

ФУНКЦИОНИРАЊЕ НА ПАЗАРИ НА ЕЛЕКТРИЧНА ЕНЕРГИЈА: МОДЕЛИ НА ПАЗАРИ НА ЕЛЕКТРИЧНА ЕНЕРГИЈА

2024-03-28T10:58:06+00:00

Енергетската економија е збир на економии кои ги анализираат енергетските пазари, според најнови истражувања на Кембриџ. Во 1990-тите, сè поголем број земји организирале пазари на големо за електрична енергија. Иако пазарните правила може да се разликуваат од земја до земја, тргувањето со електрична енергија генерално се заснова на униформни механизми за аукција на цени, а тоа е систем каде секој активен производител ја добива истата цена за секоја единица производ за која е повикан, се додека неговите понуди се пониски од клириншката (пречистената) цена пресметана од операторот на пазарот. Пазарот е механизам кој се појавил многу одамна, во многу цивилизации. Со текот на годините, пазарите еволуирале од едноставна локација, каде што неколку луѓе без претходен договор се собирале и разменувале стоки, до виртуелна средина каде информациите циркулираат електронски, а трговијата се прави со едноставен клик на компјутерот. И покрај овие технолошки промени, основните принципи не се променети - пазар е место каде продавачите и потрошувачите се среќаваат за да тргуваат. За да се анализира конкуренцијата на пазарите на електрична енергија, неопходно е да се разјаснат претпоставките за понудата и побарувачката, но и за пазарните правила и регулаторни инструменти, кои ќе бидат опфатени во понатамошниот текст на трудот.

EASY AND FAST ESTIMATION OF THERMAL STABILITY OF HTS MAGNETS UNDER SIMPLE SITUATION

2024-03-28T10:58:49+00:00

Since the advent of 2nd-generation high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes which show great features on
critical temperature, critical current density, and critical magnetic field, many researchers have been trying to
generate ultra-high magnetic fields using HTS coils. One more promising technology is a no-insulation (NI)
winding technique. This technique drastically suppresses the possibility of thermal runaway and burning-out of
HTS coils. The interest into compact nuclear fusion magnets wound with HTS conductors is increasing rapidly
within these 5 years. The simulation of such magnets larger than MRI/NMR HTS magnets takes an unfeasibly
long time. Therefore, we present a simple expression of the coil temperature rise under a simple assumption
derived from the simple coil model to investigate the stability of large-scale magnets. The advantages of the
method are simplicity, versatility, and nearly no computation, enabling a reduction of time in first-cut design.

INVESTIGATION OF TURN-TO-TURN CONTACT RESISTANCES OF LARGE-SCALE D-SHAPED NO-INSULATION HIGH-TEMEPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS TO ACHIEVE SHORT CHARGNING DELAY AND HIGH THERMAL STABILITY

2024-03-28T11:04:05+00:00

To generate ultra-high magnetic fields, a no-insulation (NI) winding technique was proposed by Hahn on 2011.
By removing insulators between turns, the NI winding technique enables a high-temperature superconducting
(HTS) magnets to improve the thermal stability while generating ultra-high magnetic fields. The NI winding
technique has commonly been applied to circular coils for the targets of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), air-core cyclotron called as skeleton cyclotron, and so on. Recently, meterclass (large-size) D-shaped NI HTS magnets used for compact fusion reactors are under development applying
the NI winding technique. One of critical issues is that large-size D-shaped NI magnets have a long excitation
delay. High turn-to-turn contact resistances on NI HTS coils shorten the charging delay times, although high
turn-to-turn contact resistances deteriorate the thermal stability. Therefore, the relation between the excitation
delay and the thermal stability was investigated on different turn-to-turn contact resistances. Finally, we could
find the appreciate resistances with the short charging time and the high thermal stability for two different sizes
of D-shaped NI HTS coils.

IMPACT OF CORE SATURATION ON OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE MOTOR

2024-03-28T11:07:08+00:00

The induction motors are considered to be the largest electricity consumers worldwide. Therefore, the exact
calculation of their operating characteristics in various operating modes is important for determining their
operation, electricity consumption and the various types of losses that occur during their operation that have the
considerable impact on efficiency of the motors. Paper analyses two models of three-phase squirrel cage induction
motor, modeled in Simulink. The first model is considered to have linear magnetizing characteristic while in the
second model the core saturation is taken into account by introducing the non-linearity of the magnetization
characteristic. The models are analyzed with fifteen percent increased voltage which shifts the operating point
into the saturated part of magnetizing characteristic for the saturated model. The impact of core saturation on
motor current, speed and torque is observed. The obtained results of the transient characteristics from Simulink
are compared with data of current and torque from steady-state models. The core saturation increases the motor
current, losses and decreases the motor efficiency. The areas where the core saturation occurs, mainly located in
stator teethes, are also observed in Finite Element models (FEM). The derived models contribute to the better
understanding of effect of core saturation and its impact on motor operation, thus providing the guidelines for the
motor designers.

PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ORAL ELECTROSURGERY

2024-03-28T11:08:04+00:00

Electrosurgery is a good alternative to the scalpel or lasers for soft tissue management and would be the method
of choice. Oral electrosurgery is widely accepted throughout the world and has a broad spectrum of clinical
applications. Once the clinician understands the nature of the different waveforms and how electrosurgical
technology relates to clinical results, a comfort level will be achieved making clinical applications safe,
predictable and easy. Electrosurgery can be used instead of the scalpel to cut soft tissues, with the goal of
reducing hemorrhage. Electrosurgery alludes to the delivery of thermal energy in the form of an alternating
current in the radiofrequency range from an electrical generator to the probe tip and the tissues. The heat
generated in the tissue depends on the current intensity, the distance from this tissue to the electrode tip, and the
period during which the RF energy is delivered. Electrosurgery is the passage of high frequency radio waves (RF
energy) into soft tissue resulting in a variety of clinical effects, including cutting, cutting and coagulation at the
same time, coagulation or tissue destruction. Because of the resistance offered by the tissue to the incoming RF
energy, the tissue heats up. The electrode tip never gets hot. In actuality, the water in the cells is boiled causing
the cells to explode. Radiosurgery has also become an unofficial but accepted term referring to electrosurgery
instruments that fall into the higher frequency range of 3-4 mHz (3-4 million cycles per second). Study by Maness
et al. in 1978 concluded that higher frequency electrosurgical units produce less tissue alteration than those
instruments with frequencies under 2 mHz. Higher frequency units produce less lateral heat and, therefore, less
tissue alteration. The optimal frequency appears to be in the 3-4 mHz range. There are numerous indications for
oral electrosurgery and some include bleeding control, cosmetic elongation of clinical crowns, soft tissue
management during crown and bridge procedures, biopsies, frenectomies, pulpotomies, collecting tissue for
gingival grafts, incisions or excisions and tissue contouring. The main goal of this study is to highlight the
principles and benefits of electrosurgery application. Electrosurgery can never completely replace the scalpel,
but it requires more knowledge, skill and complete understanding of the biophysical aspects of the interaction of
electrosurgical energy and tissue. Continued research into the field of tissue interaction is promised and potential
development of applications of electrosurgery.

MOLTEN SALT THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY: SYSTEM DESIGN, MATERIALS, AND PERFORMANCE

2024-03-28T11:30:38+00:00

This research paper thoroughly examines the fundamental principles and design concepts of molten salt thermal
energy storage systems, focusing on the critical role of materials selection in choosing the appropriate material
for the application. We also discuss the basic design components of these systems when integrated with renewable
technology and classify practical systems by their applications.
Based on our analysis, we conclude that solar technologies with molten salt storage systems are particularly
promising for practical implementation, and the two-reservoir type system utilizing the sensible heat storage
method of molten salt is regarded as the most commercially viable and mature electrothermal storage system
available. Solar salt is also considered the best choice for these systems due to its low cost and high energy density.
The idea of retrofitting fossil fuel plants with molten salt storage systems is also mentioned. Overall, molten salt
thermal energy storage systems have the potential to play a crucial role in future energy systems, and further
research and development in this field is essential for maximizing the potential of these systems and achieving a
sustainable energy future.

ДЕНТАЛНИТЕ ЛАСЕРИ- ПРЕДИЗВИК НА СОВРЕМЕНАТА СТОМАТОЛОГИЈА

2024-03-28T11:09:16+00:00

Ласерската технологија станува сè попопуларна во стоматологијата во последните неколку децении. Денталните ласери поседуваат мноштво на индикации кои се изведуваат во секојдневата стоматолошка пракса, вклучувајќи третман на пародонталните заболувања (ласерите може да се користат за отстранување на инфламираното гингивално и пародонтално ткиво и за промовирање на растот на здравото ткиво); отстранување на каризоните лезии (ласерите може да се користат за отстранување на кариесот на забите, без употреба од анестезија); белење на заби (ласерите може да се користат за активирање на средствата за белење и подобрување на ефикасноста на третманите за белење на забите); за изведување на биопсија (ласерите може да се користат за отстранување на мали примероци од ткиво за биопсија); процедури на меките орални ткива(Ласерите може да се користат за преобликување или отстранување на ткивото на непцата за да се подобри изгледот на насмевката). Најважни за споменување се придобивките од употребата на ласери во стоматологијата од кои најзначајни се намалена болка и непријатност кај пациентот, намалено крварење и побрзо време на заздравување. Ласерите исто така можат да бидат попрецизни од традиционалните стоматолошки алатки, што овозможува значително поконзервативен третман.

ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPING NATIVE ANDROID APPLICATIONS USING XML AND JETPACK COMPOSE

2024-03-28T11:09:51+00:00

Native mobile applications have been the first choice for companies and independent developers to build software
that utilizes device hardware and functionality. For Android development, this means using Java/Kotlin for the
program logic and XML files for the user interfaces. Recently, Jetpack Compose has gained significant attention
in building user interfaces for Android applications. This paper aims to analyze the benefits and limitations of
these two technologies. An intensive literature review is conducted and presented to identify the benefits and
limitations of XML and Jetpack Compose. In order to compare their development processes and code complexity,
we also developed the same application using both technologies. Analysis of the code used in each technology
provides an insight into how they uniquely solve the same problem, helping us to identify which one is better
suited from a developer’s perspective. The results of the study indicate that both XML and Jetpack Compose have
their respective strengths and weaknesses. XML provides a structured approach to UI development, fully
respecting the separation of concerns between the view (what is being displayed on the screen) and the controller
(which data is being sent to the view). On the other hand, Jetpack Compose simplifies the UI development process
by offering a declarative approach, which leads to more readable and maintainable code. This study identified
the advantages and disadvantages of using XML and Jetpack Compose in the development of native Android
applications and recommended criteria for choosing one of these tools for new users, as well as switching to a
new tool for experienced users.

ENSURING INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE

2024-03-28T11:10:27+00:00

In the digital age, information security has become increasingly important as the amount of sensitive data being
stored and transmitted electronically continues to grow. Information security refers to the practice of protecting
information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. Ensuring
information security in the digital age involves implementing a variety of security measures to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. One important aspect of information security is the
protection of sensitive information, such as personal information, financial data, and trade secrets. This can be
achieved through the use of encryption, secure communication protocols, and access controls. Additionally,
network security is crucial in protecting information systems and networks from cyber-attacks. This can be done
through the use of firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, and regular security audits. Another
element of information security is incident response and management, including planning for and responding to
security breaches. This can involve activating incident response teams, conducting forensic investigations, and
implementing recovery plans to restore normal operations. A comprehensive information security program also
includes employee education and awareness, security policy, and compliance with relevant regulations and
standards such as PCI-DSS, HIPAA, and ISO 27001. Overall, information security is a constantly evolving field
as new technologies and attack methods are developed. It requires ongoing monitoring, testing, and updating of
security measures to ensure the ongoing protection of information in the digital age.

CLOUD COMPUTING AND VIRTUALIZATION: CAN CLOUD COMPUTING EXIST SEPARATELY FROM VIRTUALIZATION?

2024-03-28T11:11:31+00:00

Virtualization is a software technique that emulates the operation of the entire computer. Depending on the needs
and the powers of the physical computer, several virtual machines can be installed at the same time. The resources
of physical computers will be shared between all virtual machines and because of that, virtual machines will be
working slower. A virtual machine uses a combination of software and an existing computer to provide additional
computer machines, all in one physical device. Cloud computing involves delivering hosted services and cloud
applications over the internet and enables users to obtain a shared pool of data from remote physical servers,
databases, and computers. Although virtualization and cloud computing are seen as two different techniques, they
are interconnected and cannot exist without each other. Virtualization in cloud computing can prevent the IT
system from failing and can protect the IT environment from bugs and viruses. In IT infrastructure, cloud
computing and virtualization are used together to build a cloud infrastructure. The aim of this study is to define
and analyze what virtualization and cloud computing are. Then through a comparison to show how these
techniques are related to each other and consequently a conclusion will be drawn.

THE IMPACT OF ONLINE TEACHING ON THE DENTAL STUDENTS’ EXAM SUCCESS

2024-03-28T11:12:21+00:00

COVID-19 epidemic has changed a number of aspects in various life activities. The epidemic had the greatest
impact on the education process itself. Pupils and students from classical teaching in their classrooms and lecture
halls have switched to online teaching. Аt the same time, a significant effort was made by the teaching staff to
adapt to the newly created situation. Aiming to assess the impact/influence of the online teaching on the success
of students, we set the main goal of this research to make a comparative analysis of students' grades in the same
courses in the period before the epidemic and during the implementation of online teaching.
In order to fulfil the purpose of our research, an analysis was made of the grades for three courses of the study
program in dental medicine - preclinical periodontology, periodontology 1 and periodontology 2 in the academic
year 2018/2019 when the teaching was carried out with physical presence, 2019/2020 when the teaching it was
entirely online and for 2020/2021 when a hybrid type of teaching was conducted. The pass rate of the exams and
the average grades for the three most important exam sessions - June, September and February are presented.
The results that we obtained within the research showed that there is significant change in terms of the pass rate
of the students, as well as the average grade regarding the three courses. The pass rate has shown significant
decrease, while the average grade regarding the courses increased during those years. This is solid ground for
comparisons to be made with other courses, modules, faculties, even universities, towards locating the reasons
for this reality. One possible and very reliable reason can be found in the fact that the change of the teaching type
from classic to online and than hybrid is big and fast change for the students, that led to decrease of the pass rate,
but most probably the students who passed the exam mastered the material better.

КОМПАРАТИВНА АНАЛИЗА НА СТАНДАРДИ И МЕТОДОЛОГИИ ЗА УПРАВУВАЊЕ СО ИНФОРМАЦИСКО-БЕЗБЕДНОСНИ РИЗИЦИ НА ТЕХНИЧКИТЕ И ЕЛЕКТРОНСКИТЕ СИСТЕМИ ОД КРИТИЧНАТА ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА

2024-03-28T11:13:02+00:00

Information security is a priority at the national and world level, which results with the need to define certain
security violations with the ultimate goal of successfully preventing information breaches, and with that quickly
and successfully remediating the consequences. In a cyber war scenario, the energy and financial sectors are
considered as the most critical to national security. The identification of key weaknesses, risks and potential
exposure to cyber threats in energy systems, as well as the creators of cyber incidents, can be performed based
on the perception of possible cyber attack scenarios. At the world level, there are several models for assessing
and managing security risk (ISO/IEC 27001, NIST 800-53, COBIT, OCTAVE Allegro, etc.) and therefore the main
goal of this research is to sublimate and compare the values of the most frequently used methodologies, which
will enable the selection of the best model for the successful prevention of information breaches and the quick and
successful remediation of the consequences. This paper analyze the application of current standards and
methodologies for managing information-security risks in the elements of CI, assessment of the level of application
of standards and methodologies in the institutions, which are part of CI, as well as determining a way to improve
the management of current information security risks.

УЧЕЊЕ СО ПОМОШ НА МОБИЛНИ УРЕДИ – ПРИДОБИВКИ И ПРЕДИЗВИЦИ НА НОВОТО ВРЕМЕ

2024-03-28T11:13:56+00:00

Денес информациската и комуникациската технологија се речиси насекаде, па и во образованието. Учениците учат со употреба на компјутери и технологија и со нивна помош секојдневно развиваат нови вештини. Воведена е нова генерација на едукативни алатки со користење на мобилни уреди. Мобилната настава е за планирање и извршување на учење преку мобилни уреди. Овој начин на учење може да влијае и на професорите (предавачите), и на студентите. Ова учење е овозможено и преку Интернет кој помага да се создадат современи методи кога се интегрирани со педагошката настава. Целта на оваа студија е да ги разгледа придобивките и перспективата на мобилните уреди во образованието, како и предизвиците за универзитетите, професорите и студентите во нејзиното спроведување.

TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION METHOD IN PATIENTS WITH XEROSTOMIA

2024-03-28T11:14:39+00:00

Patients with salivary gland hypofunction typically complain of dry mouth, difficulty chewing, swallowing and/or
speaking; they hardly tolerate spicy, acidic, and crunchy food and often times report taste changes or difficulty
wearing dentures. It can also increase the chance of developing dental decay, demineralization of teeth, tooth
sensitivity, and oral infections. The goals of treating xerostomia include identifying the possible causes, relieving
discomfort, and preventing complications. In this study, we investigate the most effective frequency to increase
salivary secretion, without side effects on the skin and orofacial structures. Transcutaneous electric nerve
stimulation (TENS) is a simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive modality that uses electric current to activate
nerves for therapeutic reasons. It is a non-pharmacological method of pain management for which it is widely
used. Application of electric impulses to one or more of the three components of the salivary reflex arch should
theoretically improve salivary secretion and lessen the various long-term effects of hyposalivation. For this study
were analyzed totally 23 published studies in the last 10 years. The study is made on narrative review of published
articles that were go into the related subject, evaluation of the impact of a transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation (TENS) system on patients' dry mouth and salivary flow rates. The TENS unit was effective in
increasing the quantity of stimulated saliva and was also found to be more effective in increasing saliva in diabetic
individuals. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that TENS was effective in increasing the salivary
flow rate in hyposalivatory patients with residual saliva.

БИОТЕХНОЛОШКА ПРОЦЕДУРА НА ДОБИВАЊЕ НА АВТОЛОГЕН ДЕНТИНСКИ ГРАФТ ЗА СТОМАТОЛОШКИ И МЕДИЦИНСКИ ЦЕЛИ

2024-03-28T11:15:12+00:00

Екстрахирaните заби сѐ уште се сметаат за клинички отпаден материјал и како такви се сметат за неупотребливи. Меѓутоа во денешно време со примената на специјалниот апарат-SDG од екстрахираните заби се добива автологен дентински графт.

Главната цел на трудот е да се претстави новиот протокол и новата процедура на добивање на минерализиран автологен дентински графт користејќи свежо екстрахирани заби, конкретно во овој труд применет за презервација на алвеоларен гребен и со можност на употреба во пополнување на дефекти во виличните коски и целокупниот скелетен систем. Исто така целта е насочена кон докажување на високиот потенцијал на автологниот дентински графт (ADG) во регенерирање на коскените и мекоткивните структури во виличните коски, зачувувајќи ги притоа вертикалните и хоризонталните димензии на алвеоларниот гребен. Користена е апаратурата наречена Smart Dentin Grinder (SDG) која овозможува за краток временски период од 3 секунди да се сомели екстрахираниот заб во дентински зрнца со големина од 300 до 1000 µ. Добиените дентински партикли подлегнуват на хемиска обработка со помош на употребените хемиски реагенси. Целата процедура е изведена по протоколот на Itzhak Binderman (2014 год). Добиениот АDG претставува солиден и прочистен графт материјал со задоволиделна количина за потребите во оралнохируршките интревенции. Се употребува имедијатно и економски е поприфатлив за пациентите. Дентинските честички кои се користат како графт материјал, треба да се сметаат за златен стандард поради остеогенетскиот, остеоиндуктивениот и остеокондуктивниот потенцијал. Добиениот и подготвен ADG може да се користи за водена коскена регенерација во различни области од медицината и стоматологијата.

PHYSIODISPENSER – AND ITS USE IN DENTAL MEDICINE

2024-03-28T11:15:53+00:00

A physiodispenser is a specialized dental drill that is designed to prepare the implant site in the jawbone during
the dental implant placement procedure. The use of a physiodispenser is important because it ensures that the
implant site is properly prepared and the implant is placed with precision and accuracy. It cut bone very efficiently
with controlled torch, speed and gear. There is constant saline irrigation system which washed away wash the
bone debris and blood and also act as coolant. So after surgery patient will not get pain and swelling. It has very
low noise, comfortable for patient. The physiodispenser is key technology in implant dentistry. The PhysioDispenser is a device enabling us to embed the implants into the bone. Its main advantage is that, compared to
standard dental sets of instruments, almost every part of the dispenser can be sterilized, which prevents spreading
of infection into the operation wound. It allows bone surgery at low speed becomes extremely safe and patients
will typically not get any swelling after surgery. It uses a combination of high-speed rotary motion and gentle
oscillation to create precise, controlled channels in the bone for the dental implant to be placed. The oscillation
feature helps to minimize damage to the surrounding bone tissue and increase the accuracy of the implant
placement.

BIOMECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ENDOSONICS

2024-03-28T11:16:30+00:00

Endosonics is used for root canal instrumentation and disinfection. An endosonics insert is designed to shaping
and allow the traditional endodontic irrigant, sodium hypochlorite, to pass through and along the endo-sonic
files. The irrigant is activated by the ultrasonic energy imparted from the energized instruments and the root canal
becomes an ultrasonic bath. The ultrasonic tip vibrates at a high frequency and produces acoustic streaming and
cavitation, which helps to dislodge and remove the organic and inorganic part of the smear layer and gram+ and
gram – bacteria from endodontic system. This review of the literature aims at presenting the biomechanical work
of endosonic in endo cavity and its clinical applications in a modern-day endodontic practice.
The following electronic databases were searched: Pubmed, Web of Sciences, Embase, Medscape, Web of Science
and Cochrane Library. This study is based on review on published articles written in English language, reporting
results related to biomechanical work of endosonics. The articles are full reading text, with no publication date
restriction. After implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, from the total 104 articles, 82 articles were
discarded and only 22 articles were taken for detailed analysis. A number of researchers have shown that
ultrasonically assisted irrigation improves the cleaning efficiency in root canal treatments. In the study of Joyce
et al., specially made endosonic dies and diamond instruments are energized by means of a Cavitron ultrasound
generator (above 20 kHz frequency). Piezoelectric units have some advantages compared with earlier
magnetostrictive units because they offer more cycles per second, 40 versus 24 kHz.
In summary, endosonics is a valuable tool in the field of endodontics, as it helps to improve the effectiveness of
root canal treatment while reducing the need for invasive procedures. The use of endosonics in endodontics
provides several benefits, including improved cleaning and shaping of the root canal system, reduced treatment
time and improved treatment outcomes. Additionally, endosonics is minimally invasive and can help preserve
more of the natural tooth structure, reducing the need for more extensive dental procedure. As well as explaining
the endosonics biomechanical work, the work provides a basis for the further development and optimisation of
the design of endosonic files.

ДИГИТАЛНИ ОТПЕЧАТОЦИ-СОВРЕМЕН ТРЕНД НА ДЕНЕШНИЦАТА

2024-03-28T11:17:08+00:00

Земањето на отпечаток претставува најбитна процедура во секојдневната стоматолошка пракса. Целта на земањето на точен и прецизен отпечаток е да се прикаже димензиски стабилен негатив кој ја претставува моменталната ситуација од усната празнина. За изработка на адекватни протетски изработки најбитно е што е можно поточно репродуцирање на интраоралната состојба, и особено значајно е дека при присутна грешка може да се добие неквалитетна конечна изработка.

Современите дентални отпечаточни материјали се прецизни, хидрофилни и димензионално стабилни и можат автоматски да се замешуваат. Компаративно со развојот на конвенционалните отпечаточни материјали доаѓа до појава на интраорални скенери за дигитално отпечатување на различните структури во усната празнина. Интраоралните скенери се дигитални апарати кој во стоматолошката ординациија се користат за дигитално земање на отпечатоци и прикажување на реалната состојба од усната празнина на пациентот и на пазарот и во секојдневната стоматолошка пракса се појавуваат во осумдесетите години на минатиот век.

Механизмот на нивната работа се темели на емитирање на структурирана светлосна мрежа или ласерски зрак кој доаѓа во контакт со површината која се скенира. За време на контактот со површината зраците се деформираат и се враќаат во камерата која го праќа примениот сигнал во софтверот. Софтверот ги комбинира сите примени слики од снимените разни агли, земајќи ги во предвид движењата на скенерот како и оддалеченоста на објектите кои се скенираат, и на тој начин се реконструира скенираниот објект.

Денес на пазарот постојат разни интраорални скенери базирани на разни оптички компоненти и извори на светлина. Се разликуваат скенери базирани на активно произведување на бранова должина (True Definition Scanner, 3M), паралелна конфокална микроскопија (3Shape) и на оптичка триангулација (Sirona CEREC Omnicam). Покрај наведените постојат скенери кои користат и вештачка интелегенција како по секое скенирање имаат повеќе информации и податоци во врска со природните заби.

Најзначајните предности при употребата на дигиталните отпечатоци се однесуваат на тоа дека со нивната примена се скратува времетраењето на самите интервенции, има помала непријатност кај пациентите, станува збор за едноставна процедура, постои можност за електронски трансфер на самите податоци и се добива значително попрецизна и поточна презентација на состојбите од усната празнина на самите пациенти.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SCADA SYSTEMS

2024-03-28T11:17:46+00:00

This paper discusses SCADA systems, their planning and projecting, and their increasing implementation in
industry. SCADA are used for 24-hour supervision and management in systems and processes.
Industry requires daily supervision and management of processes, and technology advancements enable more
efficient and creative management. SCADA systems enable control and supervision of complex systems, and also
enabling employees to be more creative and productive. SCADA systems enable the management of subsystems
in different locations, enhancing overall efficiency and productivity.

ПРЕДНОСТИ И НЕДОСТАТОЦИ ПРИ ИЗВЕДУВАЊЕ ONLINE НАСТАВА ПО МАТЕМАТИКА

2024-03-28T11:18:21+00:00

Наставниот процес и начинот на изведување и одржување на наставата се најважни за продуцирање на образовани, таленирани и способни експерти во која и да било област. Доста време наставата во универзитетите и училиштата се одвиваше на класичен начин во предавална, амфитеатар или училница. Новини кои се воведува со тек на годините беа дигитализацијата, примената на интернетот, користење на платформата е-учење и слично. Ковид 19 пандемијата наложи целосна промена на тој класичен начин на спроведување на наставата т.е. ја донесе потребата од воведување и спроведување на online настава. Целта на оваа студија е да се согледат придобивките и недостатоците од реализрање online настава по Математика во образовните инситуции.

ALGORITHMIC METHOD IN DYNAMIC DOSING SYSTEMS BASED ON WEIGHT MEASURING PRINCIPLES

2024-03-28T11:18:57+00:00

Algorithmic method and a technical solution are suggested in order to increase performance of worm-and-wheel
dosing systems (bagging machines) operating on weight measuring principles. The results from the weight
measuring processed by using Fourier transformation and extrapolation of the weight transformation curve. The
method applied in an algorithm for controlling weight in two situation of the working cycle of the flour-bagging
machine: selective weight measurement of net and tare. The algorithm allows increasing the productivity without
changing the mechanical design of the machine. This improvement helps make the machine competitive with the
best Western packaging machine manufacturers.

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL-ENGINEERING COMPROMISE AS A RESULT OF POWER AND ECONOMY TUNING A DIESEL ENGINE

2024-03-28T11:19:34+00:00

As a result of the control era of automotive technology which began in the late 20th century, IC engines contain
a large number of sub-systems that allow for better engine performance and vehicle maneuverability, while at the
same time they satisfy increasingly strict environmental norms and standards when it comes to exhaust emissions
in what is known as an environmental-engineering compromise. However, tuning today's high-performance
engines in which the trade-offs between performance, economy and emissions take precedence is a challenge for
even the most experienced automotive engineers as it includes major implications for the environmentalengineering compromise. The aim of this paper was to analyze these implications and determine if the changes in
power and fuel consumption question the operation needs of the vehicle and the driver’s requirements, as well as
the amount of exhaust emissions that find their way in the ambient air. The POWER/PERFORMANCE
optimization led to a 36% increase in engine power (78 to 106 kW), a 9 % decrease in fuel consumption (6.6 to
6.0 l/100 km) and consequently 30% reduction in CO2 emissions (3.43 % to 2.38 % of the total volume of exhaust
gasses). The ECONOMY optimization, which was primarily aimed at a decrease in fuel consumption and a
climate-friendly improvement of the environmental map of the engine, led to a 42 % decrease in CO2 emissions
(3.43 % to 1.99 % of the total volume of exhaust gasses) and a 13.5 % decrease in fuel consumption (6.6 to 5.7
l/100 km), while maintaining an increase in engine power for 23 % (78 to 96 kW). Aside from these obviously
positive implications, the results provided an insight in the negative trade-offs that these optimizations bring, such
as an increase in local pollutants, including PM and NOx emissions.

AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC VACUUM CLEANER

2024-03-28T11:20:14+00:00

In today's world, technology surrounds us, and its impact on our daily lives is undeniable. The use of advanced
gadgets and software has made our lives easier, thanks to the automation happening around us. The vacuum
cleaner has been the last to receive a significant upgrade among the many household appliances. However, the
autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner market has seen great success in recent years. This paper aims to explore
the complex algorithms powering autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners and make them more understandable. By
doing so, this technology will help us to finish our daily tasks more efficiently and with minimal involvement.