"FORMULA REGIMINIS" (1617) – THE FIRST WRITTEN CONSTITUTION IN THE TERRITORY OF LATVIA: THE FORMATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN THE DUCHY OF COURLAND AND SEMIGALLIA (1561 – 1795)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46763/Ключевые слова:
Treaty of Subjection, Vassal State, Formula Regiminis, Hard Constitution, Constitutional Monarchy, Principles of Constitutional LawАннотация
The Treaty of Subjection (1561) concluded by the Polish - Lithuanian
ruler Sigismund II Augustus and the Master of the Livonian Order
Gotthard Kettler stipulated the establishment of a new Polish- Lithuanian
vassal state – the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The Livonian Order
was liquidated, but Gotthard Kettler received from Sigismund II the title
of Duke of Courland and the status of a royal vassal. A special role in
the formation of the legal system of the Duchy of Courland played the
written sources of constitutional law, which regulated the relations
between the duke and the nobility of Duchy, as well as between the Polish
- Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Duchy of Courland. Of particular
importance among other sources of constitutional law was the "Formula
regiminis" (1617), the first written constitution in the territory of Latvia.
With its entry into force, the Duchy of Courland became a constitutional
monarchy. The author, based on the analysis of the "Formula regiminis",
other sources of constitutional law, and relevant studies comes to the
conclusion that these sources already contained the germs of modern
constitutional law principles such as the supreme power of the
constitution, the separation of powers, parliamentarism, principle of
checks and balances, principle of constitutional control, and limited
recognition of human rights and freedoms. The author also concludes that
human rights and freedoms in the Duchy of Courland were enjoyed only
by the privileged estates of society, while most of the population,
especially the peasants in manors of landlords who had the status of serfs,
had denied them.
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