The Journal is from the field of Law, Political Science and Sociology, and accepts professional and scientific papers. The languages of publication are Macedonian, English, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Croatian and Italian language. The Journal has an international editorial board and is open for foreign students. The SSSJ is published two times a year. The Student’s Social Science Journal is publishing original research papers, review papers, short communications, professional papers, presentations and book reviews in the field of teaching, scientific and application activities of the Faculty of Law at the University Goce Delcev – Stip (Macedonia). The manuscripts should be prepared completely according to the instructions. Submission of a manuscript implies that: the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract, or a part of a published lecture, or thesis); it is not under consideration for publication anywhere; its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any. Publication has been approved as well as by the responsible authorities at the institute (institution) where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible in case of claims for compensation and reimbursement of authors’ rights. Manuscript must confirm strictly to the instruction for authors and sent to the editor. Incoming manuscripts are initially judged by the editor. Manuscripts may be rejected without peer review if they do not comply with the instructions to author or are beyond the scope of the journal. If the manuscript is acceptable in principle, it will be forwarded to referees for evaluation. All manuscript are reviewed by independent reviewers. After final edition and approval by the editorial board, the manuscript will be accepted for publication. The editor reserves the right to make editorial changes. Authors agree, after the manuscript’s acceptance, with the transfer of copyright to the publisher.
Goce Delcev Unviersity - Stip, Faculty of Law
CRIMINAL-LEGAL ASPECTS OF ILLEGAL BUILDING IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA: LEGAL REGULATIONS, JUDICIAL PRACTICE AND THE ROLE OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT
The issue of illegal construction represents one of the most complex urban planning and legal challenges in the Republic of North Macedonia, which for years has undermined legal certainty, urban order, and the rule of law. Illegal buildings frequently emerge as a symbol of corruption, administrative inefficiency, and political tolerance toward unlawful conduct. For this reason, the phenomenon warrants thorough scientific and professional analysis, particularly from the perspective of criminal law. This paper examines the existing positive legal framework, judicial practice, the role of local self-government, and the practical challenges faced by prosecutorial authorities and urban planning inspections. It analyzes the application of Article 244-a of the Criminal Code and assesses whether the current system enables the effective suppression of this type of criminal activity. At the same time, the paper addresses issues related to prevention, restitution, and the role of the public and civil society in combating illegal construction.
illegal construction; unlawful building; Article 244-a of the Criminal Code; local self-government; urban planning; governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Student's Social Science Journal
Copyright (c) 2025 Student's Social Science Journal
ETHNOCENTRIC ELEMENTS IN PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
Ethnocentrism, as the perception of one’s own culture as superior to others, represents a significant sociocultural phenomenon with profound implications for the educational process. This paper focuses on identifying and analyzing ethnocentric elements in pedagogical sciences and their impact on educational practice. The aim is to highlight the presence of ethnocentric content in curricula, textbooks, and teaching approaches, which often unconsciously contribute to the creation of cultural hierarchies and limited intercultural sensitivity among students. The research was conducted through a qualitative analysis of relevant pedagogical literature and teaching materials, using descriptive and comparative methods. The results indicate that ethnocentric elements are most prominent in subjects within the fields of humanities and social sciences, where the national perspective tends to dominate over intercultural dialogue. Such educational models may lead to the development of narrow attitudes, stereotypes, and intolerance toward diversity.
ethnocentrism, pedagogical sciences, intercultural education, teaching practice
A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING TERRORIST VICTIMISATION: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL ASPECTS
Numerous factors may influence the rate of terrorist victimisation, and due to the scarcity of research in this area, this paper provides insights into a broader spectrum of determinants by analysing conditions in the ten most affected countries worldwide those that recorded the highest number of victims of terrorist attacks in 2023. The findings indicate that the most prominent risk factors for terrorism and elevated levels of terrorist victimisation include poor economic conditions, reinforced by inequality, unemployment, poverty, and overpopulation; political instability and corruption; as well as religion and specific religious minorities. This paper highlights a range of serious challenges that states must address in order to reduce terrorism globally.
CHILD LABOUR – PREVENTION, IDENTIFICATION AND INTERVENTION
Child labour is not a new phenomenon. From the cotton mills and textile factories of England to the adoption of the first international regulations by the United Nations and the International Labour Organization, the global need to recognize and eliminate the worst forms of child labour has remained constant. A proper regulation in theory and statistical data that contradicts the effectiveness of implemented measures in practice highlight a clear need for constant efforts to harmonize law and to promote cooperation among the various institutions. Child labour is not far from our everyday lives – on a daily basis, we encounter children who beg, sell tissues..., and fighting this issue requires the active involvement of every individual.
child abuse, international regulation, harmonization of law
The subject of this research is the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil, which is applied in cases where the satisfaction of creditors’ claims against companies is jeopardized due to possible abuses committed by the manager or the members/shareholders of the company. In essence, the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil entails disregarding the separate legal personality of the company and extending liability for its obligations to its founders, members, or shareholders. In the following sections, this doctrine will be defined through the prism of several theoretical approaches, as well as its regulation under the Macedonian Company Law. Furthermore, we will examine the origins of the practice of piercing the corporate veil, its presence and regulation in the legal systems of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and ultimately focus on its regulation and application in Macedonian law. This will be illustrated through examples from Macedonian case law, with the aim of emphasizing its importance and practical application.
piercing the corporate veil, companies, extended liability, creditor protection
IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND COMPETITIVENESS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES - A future that is just beginning
The application of artificial intelligence in the work of small and medium-sized enterprises and corporations is becoming increasingly popular due to the advantages that this technology provides. Artificial intelligence allows for the automation of processes, improving business efficiency and increasing the precision and accuracy of decision-making. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of computing that deals with the development of software systems and algorithms that can perform tasks that usually require human intelligence, such as image recognition, language translation, planning and decision-making. Artificial intelligence consists of various techniques and algorithms used to process data and learn from data. These techniques include machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing and others. Artificial intelligence is used in various fields such as healthcare, finance, business consulting, the automotive industry, marketing, government administration and others. For example, in healthcare, artificial intelligence is used to recognize symptoms and diagnose diseases, while in the financial sector it is used to predict market movements and manage risks. With the development of technology, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly present in our lives, facilitating our daily tasks and bringing us new opportunities in various areas.
artificial intelligence, competitiveness, development, quality
PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
Criminal law in the broadest sense consists of three components: criminal substantive law, criminal procedural law and the law of enforcement of sanctions applied against perpetrators of criminal acts. Criminal procedural law, as a positive scientific discipline, has a general character and contains abstract legal norms that find their concretization when taking specific procedural actions taken during the criminal procedure. The largest reform of criminal procedural legislation was made in 2010 with the adoption of the new accusatory Law on Criminal Procedure. The right of the state to punish is implemented through the decision to protect certain goods by imposing penalties and other measures against the perpetrators of the incriminated actions. We will concentrate on the rights and position of the defendant in criminal proceedings, who is considered a person against whom an indictment has been filed or an indictment has been issued. We will also consider the rights and position of the defendant in the context of criminal proceedings. The subject of this paper is the general procedural rights of defendants in criminal proceedings, with a special emphasis on the comparative analysis between national legislation (Criminal Procedure Act – CPC), international standards (European Convention on Human Rights – ECHR), as well as German and American law. The aim is to investigate how the fundamental rights of defendants are ensured and to point out the similarities and differences in the different legal systems.
Defendant, Criminal Code, Defendant's Rights, Process Subjects, International Instruments.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR PERMITTING CRIMINAL OFFENSES BY CHILDREN
This research paper examines the relationship between domestic violence and the risk of children committing criminal offences. The central thesis posits that children's exposure to various forms of domestic violence (physical, psychological, sexual, and neglect) increases the likelihood of delinquent behavior through mechanisms such as normalization of violence, trauma, impaired emotional and social regulation, and disrupted educational and social development. Methodologically, the paper is based on a systematic literature review, analysis of national statistical data, and relevant international reports and legal documents.
aggression, psychological trauma, violent behavior, socio-emotional development, prevention, mental health, criminal behavior.
TRAFFICKING IN SYNTHETIC DRUGS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND THE BALKANS
The increasing prevalence of synthetic drugs, often of clandestine origin, presents a multifaceted challenge to law enforcement agencies and legal frameworks. The following paper will present the legal implications surrounding the production, distribution and consumption of synthetic drugs, offering insight into the development of the prevalence of narcotics legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia and the Balkans. We will also focus on the routes used for smuggling synthetic drugs into and through the country, highlighting the country’s strategic location as a crossroads for drug trafficking between Eastern and Western Europe. In addition to the criminological analysis of the phenomenon that will set out the basic postulates of the problem, we will also review the legal frameworks for combating synthetic drug trafficking in the Republic of North Macedonia and the Balkans, which address issues related to drug production, trafficking, possession and related criminal activities. The importance of the work lies in the fact that it offers current, updated data on a living issue, both criminological, criminal-legal, and statistical, and enables monitoring of the results of the fight that the authorities wage daily, which is necessary to create a solid foundation for developing current and modern techniques for prevention and suppression.
Black market, drug trafficking, psychoactive substances, United Nations, Vienna Convention, Palermo Convention
The subject of this research is the geopolitical significance of resources, and their impact in international relations, with the special emphasis on the geopolitical aspect of water. It is common knowledge that water is an important resource and supposition of life, technological and social advancement. Water resource scarcity is an environmental security issue that currently exercises considerable influence on regional stability, particularly in arid regions. Given assumed population growth, changes in climatic conditions and the imbalance of water resource supply and demand, the water will continue to be a source of tensions, it could become the determinant variable in future international conflict. This research provides an overview of several water conflicts and the ways in which they are resolved.
international relations, geopolitics, resource, water, conflicts
The Caucasus is a region of immense geopolitical significance, serving as a strategic crossroads between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. This paper explores the key geopolitical aspects of the Caucasus, focusing on its strategic location, territorial conflicts, economic importance, and the influence of major global and regional powers, including Russia, Turkey, Iran, and Western nations. The study also examines the role of international organizations in conflict resolution and regional development, as well as the future challenges and prospects for stability and economic integration. The complex interplay of historical rivalries, ethnic diversity, and resource-driven competition continues to shape the region’s political and economic landscape. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for assessing the region’s impact on global security and international relations
Caucasus Region, Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, Geostrategic Significance, Russia's Influence
SEGREGATION OF ROMA IN EDUCATION AS ONE OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF ANTI-GYPSYISM
There is no doubt that racism and discrimination against Roma are manifested in European countries, and unfortunately, in many fields. Segregation in education is also rooted in the Macedonian education system, as confirmed by the results of many studies mentioned in this paper, led by the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Elmazova and Others v. North Macedonia (Applications No. 11811/20 and 13550/20). The analysis of this judgment explains in detail the process in our legislation that preceded the submission of the application to the ECHR, which highlights the very moments in which our system failed to protect Roma by discriminating against them and violating their fundamental human rights. This paper analyzes the concept of segregation as well as the types of segregation with a special focus on segregation in education in our country. I tried to investigate the roots of institutional discrimination in more detail as I analyzed the beginnings of the emergence of Anti-Gypsyism; which led me to the conclusion that nations / states are key culprits for creating discriminatory policies towards Roma, placing them in an inferior position compared to other citizens.
Institutional discrimination, Antigypsyism, Segregation, Education, Roma
THE PROCESS OF MEMBERSHIP OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA IN THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE IMMEDIATE LEGAL AND POLITICAL EFFECTS OF THE MEMBERSHIP
After the collapse of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), our country, under its back then constitutional name, the Republic of Macedonia, immediately began to take all the necessary steps to complete its statehood, starting with the decision to call a referendum on September 8, 1991, in which approximately 95.32% of the citizens voted for an independent sovereign state, which was followed by the adoption of the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Republic of Macedonia on September 17, 1991, which informed the domestic and world public that the Republic of Macedonia was taking responsibility for its destiny into its own hands, and the government in the country was constituted accordingly. This early phase was completed on November 17, 1991, when the first Constitution of the. Republic of Macedonia as an independent state was adopted, consequently beginning the process of its international recognition, which was its key challenge of the foreign policy, including its membership in all key international intergovernmental organizations, such as the UN, the Council of Europe, the EU, the OSCE, NATO, and the like. Without any ambition to comprehensively present all the attempts of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM) for its full membership in the world of international intergovernmental organizations, which requires a very different approach and larger space, to achieve this goal, our country was forced to move along a very difficult path due to the continuous expressed opposition of the neighboring Republic of Greece to the international recognition of our country under its back then constitutional name of the Republic of Macedonia. This was confirmed already within the framework of the procedure after the first attempt of our country for its international recognition that it made within the framework of the then so-called EU Conference on the Disintegration of the Former SFRY (under the presidency of Lord Carrington), within which the special so-called Badinter Arbitration Commission, whose main mandate was to examine the fulfillment of the conditions and requirements set out in the "EU Guidelines for the Recognition of the New States of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union" and the "Declaration on Yugoslavia adopted by the Council of the European Community on 16 December 1991" by each new state, including our country, which on 20 December 1991 formally requested its recognition by the EU member states back then.
Council of Europe, international recognition, Republic of North Macedonia
THE CHILD'S RIGHT TO EXPRESS HIS OPINION IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
This paper deals with the topic of the right to opinion and position of children in civil proceedings. Quite often, in our country, but also in other legal systems, when in a court procedure, a decision is made about certain rights of a certain child, the child himself is deprived of the opportunity to express his opinion, although the opinion of that child may be the most relevant in that particular procedure. In this paper, we will focus on this issue. First, we will briefly introduce ourselves in general with civil proceedings, as well as who can be a participant in it. The majority of this paper will be dedicated to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, as a very important leap forward in the field of children's rights. Specifically, we will focus on Article 12 of this Convention, which guarantees the child's right to an opinion.
children, litigation, participant in the procedure, best interest, right to opinion
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PENETRATION SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF N. MACEDONIA WITH THE SYSTEMS OF MORE DEVELOPED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
This paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the penitentiary system in the Republic of North Macedonia with some of the most developed European countries, such as the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden . The research focuses on key aspects of prison systems, including detention conditions, reception departments, rehabilitation programs, rehabilitation therapies, reforms, international cooperation, classification by degree of severity, management of institutions, and respect for human rights. Through the analysis of statistical data, the legislative framework, and international reports, the paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the Macedonian penitentiary system compared to some European models, which are known for their humanity, efficiency, and resocialization. The results indicate significant differences in infrastructure, staff training, and even the application of modern rehabilitation methods, highlighting the challenges faced by North Macedonia, such as limited financial resources and slow reforms. The paper concludes with recommendations for aligning the Macedonian penitentiary system with European standards, emphasizing the need for investment in training, modernization of facilities, and strengthening external oversight mechanisms. This comparison provides insights into possible directions for improving the system in accordance with the principles of justice and humanity, aiming to enhance the entire system in Macedonia.
penitentiary system, Republic of North Macedonia, Europe, rehabilitation, human rights, reforms
The subject of this research is the unfair terms in contracts concluded between consumers and travel agencies. Unfair terms give rise to the need for consumer rights protection due to the violation of the principles of good faith and fairness in contract conclusion. These terms are integrated into the general terms and conditions of travel agencies and primarily serve the interests of the agencies, often to the detriment of the users of their services. The most common examples of unfair terms found in contracts with travel agencies include: limitation of the agency's liability, imposition of policies that exclude the possibility of refunds, as well as terms that allow unilateral changes to the conditions by the agency without consulting the consumer. This paper analyses the types and nature of unfair terms, their impact on consumers, and the legal provisions that regulate them. Through a comparative analysis of domestic and international legislation, the paper examines how consumers can be protected, with particular attention given to the role of international institutions in addressing this issue. Special focus is placed on the principles of unfair commercial practices in the provision of services offered by travel agencies. The aim is to highlight the problematic aspects of these contracts and propose measures to improve consumer rights, with an emphasis on the right to fair contractual terms and equality in the negotiation process preceding the conclusion of the contract. Additionally, this paper analyses unfair terms in the Anglo-Saxon and European legal systems, using a comparative method to explore the differences between them.
unfair terms, travel agencies, consumer protection, general travel conditions
ASYLUM POLICY: THE CASE STUDY OF JULIAN ASSANGE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
This paper examines the complex dynamics of asylum policy in the context of international relations through a comprehensive case study of Julian Assange. As the founder of WikiLeaks and a prominent whistleblower, Assange sought asylum in the Ecuadorian embassy in London to avoid potential extradition to the United States. The thesis analyzes the motivations behind Assange’s efforts to seek asylum, exploring the legal challenges he faced, including the Swedish allegations and the broader implications for government transparency and whistleblower protection. The study delves into the diplomatic implications of Ecuador granting Assange asylum, which strained relations between Ecuador, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It highlights the interplay of human rights considerations in Assange’s case and the global impact on asylum seekers' rights. Furthermore, the research examines the role of media coverage in shaping public opinion and the influence of international responses to Assange’s asylum request. With global media at the forefront, the case underscored the complexities surrounding asylum policy and its intersection with press freedom. Drawing from a comparative analysis of other high-profile asylum cases, this research explores the broader political context in which Assange’s case unfolded, shedding light on the intricacies of state interactions concerning whistleblowers and government transparency. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities and challenges of asylum policy in the realm of international relations, offering valuable insights into how nations respond to individuals seeking asylum in an ever-changing global political landscape.
Asylum; Ecuador; Human Rights; Whistleblower; Political Persecution
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF HATE CRIME MOTIVATED BY ETHNIC AFFILIATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA DURING THE PERIOD 2018-2022
This paper examines hate crimes motivated by ethnic affiliation in the Republic of North Macedonia during the period 2018–2022. The study relies on empirical data processed from reports by the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, revealing that ethnic bias is the most prevalent motive behind hate crimes in the country. The findings indicate that such incidents predominantly involve young individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, primarily ethnic Macedonians and Albanians. Through quantitative analysis, the research identifies patterns of increase, stagnation, or decrease in hate crime occurrences, contextualized within broader social polarization and the institutional response. Furthermore, the paper addresses the normative legal framework and the role of law enforcement and the judiciary in tackling hate crimes, offering concrete recommendations for prevention, prosecution, and reintegration of offenders.
hate crime, ethnic affiliation, discrimination, bias, reintegration
THE BENEFITS OF INCOTERMS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF GOODS
Incoterms play a vital role in international trade, providing standardized guidelines that define the responsibilities of buyers and sellers in the transportation of goods. This paper explores the benefits of Incoterms in facilitating global trade by providing clarity, reducing risks, and promoting efficiency in the movement of goods across borders. By establishing clear delivery terms, risk allocation, and cost responsibilities, Incoterms help minimize misunderstandings, prevent disputes, and streamline logistics. The paper also examines how Incoterms is evolving to accommodate changing international trade dynamics, such as technological advances and new trade regulations. In addition, it highlights how businesses can use Incoterms to improve supply chain transparency and foster stronger commercial relationships. Through a comprehensive analysis, the paper highlights the importance of Incoterms as an essential tool for ensuring the smooth and secure exchange of goods in the global marketplace.
Incoterms, international trade, transport, goods, benefits
CONSENT TO ARBITRATE AS AN IMPLIED WAIVER OF IMMUNITY FROM EXECUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ICSID CONVENTION
The effectiveness of ICSID awards, were States to fail to comply with them, ultimately relies on the likelihood of their enforcement before domestic courts; an outcome that finds its main obstacle in the doctrine of immunity from execution, which shields foreign States' property from any kind of coercive attachment. Consequently, the theory of the implied waiver has been suggested as a solution to the problem in light of the Creighton case. After a preliminary framework of the ICSID enforcement system and a concise overview to contextualise the issue of immunity, the paper proposes an analysis of the mentioned theory throughout a breakdown of the leading objections raised against it. Accordingly, attention will be brought to the criticism maintaining that the proposed theory cannot find application within the context of the ICSID Convention, to the position holding that it was refuted by subsequent case-law, and, lastly, to the requirement that the waiver must be explicit, condition that appears to be incompatible with the theory of implied waiver.
investment arbitral awards, ICSID Convention, enforcement, immunity from execution, implied waiver
LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND APPLICATION OF THE PROHIBITION ON COMPETITIVE ACTIONS IN THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP
The subject of analysis in this paper is the regulation of competitive action in Macedonian labor legislation through legal and contractual clauses, designed to protect the interests of both employers and employees. During the employment relations, a legal prohibition of competitive action is set. This restriction is not absolute and can be annulled if the employer gives its consent. After the termination of the employment relations, the employer and the employee can agree on a contractual prohibition of competition. This legal mechanism is in accordance with international standards, as well as the principles of fairness and balance in labor relations, which will not only ensure the protection of the interests of employers, but also the protection of the rights of employees.
labor legislation, competition clause, legal protection
Air transport plays a vital role in global mobility, facilitating the movement of people and goods across continents. However, the complexity of air transport operations often leaves passengers vulnerable to various disruptions, including delays, cancellations, lost luggage, etc. As a result, the protection of passenger rights has become an essential aspect of air transport law. This paper explores the legal framework that regulates passenger rights, with particular focus on Macedonian, European, and international legal sources. The paper examines the rights and obligations of both airlines and passengers, analyzing key legal instruments such as the North Macedonian Aviation Law, EU Regulation 261/2004, the Montreal Convention, and the Chicago Convention. The focus of the research is in legal solutions , especially in the areas of: compensation, assistance and liability, as well as the legal bases for exempting airlines from liability. It also discusses contemporary trends in air transport, such as the rise of digital tools, sustainability efforts, and the development of insurance products, which are shaping the experiences and legal protections of passengers. Ultimately, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal protections available to air passengers and the challenges associated with enforcing these rights in a rapidly changing global aviation environment.
air transport, passenger rights , compensation, assistance, liability, aviaton law, Montreal Convention, Chicago Convention, sustainability
THE ROLE OF THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL AND THE COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM IN MAINTAINING INTERNATIONAL ORDER
This paper examines the role of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the broader system of collective security in upholding international order. As the primary global body tasked with maintaining peace, the UNSC operates within the framework of collective security, a system where states agree to mutual defense against threats to international stability. This study investigates the effectiveness of the UNSC in responding to modern security challenges, including armed conflicts and transnational terrorism. By analyzing key resolutions and interventions, this paper evaluates the UNSC's ability to adapt to evolving global power dynamics and examines the influence of permanent members' veto power on collective action. Additionally, it assesses the limitations and criticisms of the collective security model, exploring reforms that could enhance the UNSC’s responsiveness and legitimacy.Ultimately, the paper highlights the UNSC's pivotal, albeit constrained, role in global governance and its potential evolution as a mechanism for peace and security in a multipolar world.
international relations, international security, stability, collective security model;
FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA
This paper entitled Fight against corruption in the Republic of North Macedonia covers the problem of corruption and ways to fight it.At the beginning of this paper, the etymological meaning of the term corruption is presented, as well as the historical development of corruption. In the further presentation, the division of corruption is presented, but each type of corruption is also explained. Then, we refer to the judiciary in our country, as well as the representation of corruption in it. We confirm the presented arguments with data from conducted research and surveys. In the end, we see the role of civil society organizations and their mechanisms in the fight against corruption.
corruption, law, civil associations, corrupt practices, bribery
CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECT OF CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURE IN THE TERRITORY OFRNM FOR THE PERIOD OF 2018-2022
Environmental crimes, or also known as green crimes, are increasingly interesting for studyby criminologists due to their specific and diverse forms. Criminology deals not only with the damages and losses that occur on the environment, but also with the movement of illegal trade, thetypes of perpetrators, the connections of environmental with other types of crime, etc. For a betterperception of the problem, as well as its final solution, a detailed analysis of the criminological aspects of environmental crime is necessary. The starting goal of this paper is to analyze the statistical data in the territory of RNM to gain insight into the criminological aspect of crimes against the environment and nature, as well as the type of perpetrators of this type of crimes and their motives. A data analysis method will be used for the period from 2018 to 2022 based on various variables such as: gender, nationality, age, etc.
criminology of eco-crimes; eco-crime; data analyse;
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC POLICY AS AN EX-OFFICIO REASON FOR JUDICIAL CONTROL OF ARBITRAL AWARDS
The subject of this paper is the effects of globalization on the concept of public policy as an ex officio reason for judicial control, whether applied to domestic or foreign arbitration awards. First, the paper focuses on the historical development of the concept of public policy, illustrating its evolution through the lens of international documents that only indirectly regulate it, leaving it to individual states within their national legal systems to define what constitutes public policy. In this regard, the lack of a uniform definition of public policy is emphasized, often leading to inconsistent interpretations across different jurisdictions. This inconsistency directly impacts the process of judicial control over arbitration awards due to violations of public policy rules, regardless of whether they are domestic or foreign, as judges strive to balance national interests with international standards. To overcome this situation, it is recommended that judges consider the definition of transnational public policy in their review process, which could provide a more cohesive understanding that transcends local legal paradigms. The paper also analyzes the evidentiary standard that must be met to annul or refuse recognition of an award due to violations of public policy rules. Additionally, it critically examines the varied practices in the judicial review of arbitration awards due to violations of public policy, highlighting the need for a firm and consistent approach to ensure fairness and legal certainty in arbitration proceedings. This paper advocates for a more harmonized framework that promotes the influence of globalization on public policy, emphasizing that by connecting national legal principles with transnational values, a more coherent understanding of public policy in the context of international arbitration can be achieved.
material vs. formal public policy, national vs. international public policy, regional public policy, transnational public policy, evidentiary standard, global legal order.
INTERPOL'S ROLE IN TRACING MISSING CHILDREN
The disappearance of children represents a serious global challenge with significant social, security, and legal consequences. Interpol, as an international police organization, plays a crucial role in addressing this issue by enabling coordination, information exchange, and the application of modern tools for the identification and recovery of missing children. This paper analyzes Interpol's role in finding missing children, focusing on mechanisms for inter- state cooperation, categories of disappearance, and the application of technologies such as global databases and alert systems like the "Amber Alert." The paper covers categories of disappearance, ranging from non-violent and family abductions to runaways and harm cases, examining various approaches used for their resolution. Additionally, it discusses the role of Interpol notices and the "Amber Alert" program as innovative and effective tools for rapid response. The research emphasizes the need to improve existing practices through enhanced training, harmonization of international laws, adoption of new technologies, and strengthened collaboration with the community, including social media as a tool that can be integrated into the entire process of locating children.
Red Notice; Amber Alert; child abduction; online victimization; child trafficking;