Student's Social Science Journal https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj <p style="font-weight: 400;">The Journal is from the field of Law, Political Science and Sociology, and accepts professional and scientific papers. The languages of publication are Macedonian, English, Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Croatian and Italian language. The Journal has an international editorial board and is open for foreign students. The SSSJ is published two times a year.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">&nbsp;The&nbsp;<strong>Student’s Social Science Journal</strong>&nbsp;is publishing original research papers, review papers, short communications, professional papers, presentations and book reviews in the field of teaching, scientific and application activities of the Faculty of Law at the University Goce Delcev – Stip (Macedonia).&nbsp; The manuscripts should be prepared completely according to the instructions.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Submission of a manuscript implies that: the work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract, or a part of a published lecture, or thesis); it is not under consideration for publication anywhere; its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any. Publication has been approved as well as by the responsible authorities at the institute (institution) where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible in case of claims for compensation and reimbursement of authors’ rights.</p> <p style="font-weight: 400;">Manuscript must confirm strictly to the instruction for authors and sent to the editor. Incoming manuscripts are initially judged by the editor. Manuscripts may be rejected without peer review if they do not comply with the instructions to author or are beyond the scope of the journal. If the manuscript is acceptable in principle, it will be forwarded to referees for evaluation. All manuscript are reviewed by independent reviewers. After final edition and approval by the editorial board, the manuscript will be accepted for publication. The editor reserves the right to make editorial changes. Authors agree, after the manuscript’s acceptance, with the transfer of copyright to the publisher.</p> Goce Delcev Unviersity - Stip, Faculty of Law en-US Student's Social Science Journal 2545-4021 REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE INSTRUMENT FOR PREACCESSION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6712 <p>As one of the instruments of fiscal policy that aim to stabilize the countries which are <br>in the process of negotiations for membership with the European Union, outstand the IPA <br>funds, or instruments for pre-accession assistance. These instruments are being offered by <br>the European union to the countries who are in the in the process of negotiations or aspiring <br>for full membership in the EU. The pre-accession support followed the dynamic of the <br>expansion of the Union and has been given a financial perspective and an annual budget. <br>When it comes to this type of financial aid that the Union grants to candidate countries and <br>potential candidates for membership, formally, the goal is to help facilitate/accelerate the <br>process of European integration in the mentioned countries, while essentially this aid <br>represents support for democratic and economic reforms, which the country should <br>implement.</p> Manuela Beliceva Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 8 18 THE RIGHTS OF AIR TRAFFIC PASSENGERS IN CASE OF FLIGHT CANCELLATION, REFUSAL OF ENTRY TO THE AIRCRAFT AND FLIGHT DELAY https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6713 <p>The subject of research in this paper is “the rights of passengers in air transport, in <br>case of cancellation and delay of the flight and in the case of refusal of the passenger to enter <br>the air transport”.As an exceptionally important problem in the field of the protection of <br>passengers (the consumers ) in the air traffic, these issues can be the subject of analysis from <br>several aspects. In this paper, we will stay only on the legal aspects, taking into account the <br>legal framework, practice and business customs. <br>The main goal of the paper is to explain the rights of the passengers and to bring them <br>into relation with the practice. In this way, we will try to share some problems faced by air <br>travelers.<br>For a thorough and comprehensive analysis of this issue, we use an appropriate <br>methodology. The information, in the main paper, the analytical-descriptive method, the <br>comparative method, the method of deduction and induction will be used, and at the end we<br>will summarize with the exact truth, as our view of the analyzed problem.</p> Sara Bojkova Sevda Memish Jakim Iliev Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 20 42 MINIMUM WAGE IN EUROPE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF REGULATORY SYSTEMS https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6714 <p>The concept of a minimum wage is a kind of standard to ensure that workers receive <br>fair compensation for their work, thus preventing unjustified low wages. It is a standard set by <br>countries to protect workers from exploitation and to guarantee a basic standard of living.<br>Not all countries have established a national minimum wage, some have accepted and <br>applied alternative mechanisms for the protection of workers. But this inequality not only <br>reflects the economic diversity between European countries, but also highlights different <br>approaches to social protection and labor policies.This paper defines the minimum wage, analyzes the types of minimum wage <br>regulations in European countries and what is the degree of variation between these <br>regulations, as well as the specific ways in which they are enacted.</p> Hristina Grueska Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 44 53 THE LEGAL CHALLENGES OF ASYLUM IN THE ERA OF THE REFUGEE CRISIS https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6715 <p>In this paper I will discuss the topic "The legal challenges of asylum at the height of the <br>refugee crisis", where we will get to know the term asylum, how the status of asylum seeker <br>is acquired, asylum in history, asylum according to Macedonian law, procedure for acquiring <br>the right to asylum, the challenges of asylum, the legal framework, as well as the Asylum <br>Sector.<br>In our legal system, issues related to asylum refer to several legal sources: the <br>Constitution, the Law on Foreigners, the Law on Citizenship and the Law on International and <br>Temporary Protection. <br>The right to asylum is one of the basic human rights, according to the 1948 Universal <br>Declaration of Human Rights. Everyone has the right to seek asylum, except criminals and <br>persons who have violated the principles of the United Nations Charter. States are not obliged to grant asylum, but it is done on a voluntary basis. Some countries allow this right to be <br>claimed in diplomatic missions and missions. <br>Finally, through examples from everyday practice in this area, we will determine <br>whether the rights of persons seeking asylum are respected in order to determine whether the <br>basic human rights of persons seeking asylum are respected.</p> Renata Daneva Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 54 65 THE MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE MEDIA IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA IN THE PERIOD 1990-2023 https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6716 <p>Macedonians in Albania, as part of the Macedonian people, nurture and affirm their <br>national and cultural identity in several ways. One of them is through the media. In Albania, <br>above all, in the places where Macedonians live, more media in the Macedonian language are <br>published in printed form, but there are also media in electronic form (local radios and <br>televisions). With the democratization of the Albanian society and the introduction of political <br>pluralism in Albania, several NGOs were registered by the Macedonians, which, above all, <br>had a mission to promote the rights of the Macedonians in that country, including in the field <br>of information.</p> Nikola Gjurgjaj Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 66 77 LEGAL REGULATION AND CRIMINAL ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SURROGACY https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6717 <p>One in eight married couples have problems conceiving naturally. The first baby born <br>using in-vitro fertilization was in 1978. Since then, over five million babies have been born <br>worldwide thanks to this technique. Another method that is used less often by people who <br>want to have a child is surrogacy. As one of the biomedical methods that allows solving the <br>problem of infertility, it was expressly prohibited by the Law on Biomedical Assisted <br>Fertilization from 2008, but in October 2014. the Law on Amendments and Supplements to <br>the Law on Biomedical Assisted Fertilization was passed. With this law, the acquisition of <br>parental rights is made possible in a legal way, for all partners who naturally cannot have <br>children. In this paper we will cover all the details about the entire procedure of in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, conception of a child through In vitro fertilization, pregnancy and birth <br>of the child by the surrogate mother; specific medical indications that should be on the side of <br>the married couple, the conditions that should be met by the female surrogate (gestational <br>carrier); the formal conditions - from the couple's request to the conclusion of a contract with <br>a gestational carrier certified by a notary; the parental rights and status of the surrogate mother <br>and the married couple; the rights and duties of the surrogate mother as well as the problems <br>related to our mentality for accepting this reproductive method for family expansion.</p> Elena Ivanova Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 78 88 ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MONEY LAUNDERING https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6718 <p>Money laundering is a criminal activity, the main purpose of which is to <br>conceal the true origin of the money and give it legality, i.e. a process through which all illegally <br>acquired funds are transformed, transported, converted or transferred, with a single purpose <br>- concealing their true purpose. origin, ownership or movement.<br>In the oldest written sources, the term crimen is mentioned, which means a crime, a <br>crime, a transgression, and under which is understood the behavior of an individual that is <br>contrary to the generally accepted standards, i.e. contrary to the interests of society, which is <br>why it was always reacted with repressive measures. Money laundering and organized crime <br>in general are really complex and complex topics that must be detected in time in order to <br>prevent future negative consequences that could arise.</p> Jovana Jangelovska Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-08 2024-08-08 17 17 90 98 CYBER VIOLENCE THROUGH THE PRISM OF JUSTICE FOR CHILDREN https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6728 <p>Violence on social media nowadays is a huge and bad challenge for children. From <br>social media to online games, children are exposed to various forms of cyberbullying. This <br>includes threats, hate speech, online harassment, extortion and even cyber-sexual assault. <br>While the Internet offers countless opportunities to learn and connect with people around the <br>world, it is also a platform for potentially dangerous and harmful activities.<br>Legislation plays a key role in protecting children from digital abuse. Legislation needs <br>to be updated accordingly to respond to changing technologies and threats. At the same time, <br>it is necessary to ensure effective cooperation between the government, educational <br>institutions, families and online platforms to prevent and fight against digital violence. <br>Educating children about safe and responsible use of the Internet is essential, providing information on recognizing potential risks and techniques for protecting their personal <br>information.<br>It is essential that children's rights are protected in the digital space as well as in the <br>real world. The court must provide effective law enforcement mechanisms to punish those <br>who commit digital violence against children, while providing support and protection for <br>victims. Active collaboration between all stakeholders is essential to create a safe and <br>sustainable digital space for all children.</p> Dragan Janev Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 100 109 NEED FOR REGULATION OF MECHANISMS TO COMBAT CORRUPTION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT ARBITRATION https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6722 <p>Faced with a high rate of corruption in all spheres of social organization, there is an <br>inevitable need to regulate mechanisms for combating corruption in both international <br>commercial and investment arbitration. <br>The first point of discussion is whether in international commercial arbitration the <br>arbitrator has the authority to examine the existence of corruption in relation to the contractual <br>relationship subject to arbitration or if this is a reserved option for the state court in the <br>annulment proceedings from the perspective of violation of public policy rules. <br>The next significant issue analyzed in this paper, from the aspect of international <br>commercial arbitration, is the need to regulate an additional ground for annulment - the <br>existence of corruption in the direction of a transnational definition of corruption, as stated in <br>the UNCITRAL Model Law of 1985 (later revised in 2006), so that following the example of the <br>UNCITRAL Model Law, states incorporate this amendment into their national legislations. <br>Additionally, the current legal regulation regarding the annulment of arbitration <br>decisions made in international commercial arbitration due to the existence of corruption will <br>be examined indirectly, i.e., the possibility for the arbitration decision to be annulled if it is <br>established but from the aspect of violation of public policy rules. <br>Regarding investment arbitration, the question of strengthening tools for combating <br>corruption within the arbitration process and in the annulment process will be addressed. <br>An analysis of relevant judicial practice from the perspective of annulment, both in <br>international and investment arbitration, will not be omitted.</p> Stefani Mladenovska Stojanovska Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 110 126 PRISON https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6723 <p>A prison sentence in law refers to the punishment imposed by a court on an individual <br>who has been convicted of a crime serious enough to warrant incarceration. It is a cornerstone <br>of criminal justice systems worldwide and serves multiple purposes, including punishment, <br>rehabilitation, deterrence, and societal protection.<br>When a person is found guilty of committing a crime, the judge presiding over the case <br>determines the appropriate punishment, which may include a period of time spent in prison. <br>The length of the prison sentence typically depends on various factors, such as the severity <br>of the crime, the defendant's criminal history, mitigating or aggravating circumstances, and the <br>jurisdiction's sentencing guidelines.</p> Aleksandra Ristova Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 128 134 GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND GENDER BIASES: BETWEEN NEW TOOLS AND HUMAN RIGHTS https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6724 <p>The research would investigate on the relationship between gender biases, arising <br>from the inequity of current society, and the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This <br>technology, mostly based on existing data, appears perpetuate, reinforce, and amplify social <br>biases, leading to various challenges and questions regarding its utilization. <br>The rapid growth of these new tools, and particularly Generative Artificial Intelligence, <br>has led to their adoption in different sectors and scenarios, ranging from art to digital <br>transformation, education to healthcare, including human resources and robotics. In fact, there <br>has been an exponential rise in generative AI tools over the last two years, with ChatGPT <br>alone reaching 100 million active users in January 2023. <br>These technologies promise to change the present and defining the future. Are we <br>ready to accept the fact that a so popular technology, extremely pervasive, albeit useful, is <br>gender-biased? The answer is clearly no, and we will aim to provide an overview of how these <br>biases are inherent in this technology and how this could increase the risk of case of digital <br>gender-based violence. <br>We will seek to investigate the various issues, including those related to human rights, <br>in which international organizations and forums where multiple stakeholders and experts <br>convene play a crucial role, promoting solutions and raising awareness for the users.</p> Tommaso Del Becaro Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 136 142 CRIMINOLOGY ASPECTS OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE OF STALKING WITH REFERENCE TO MACEDONIAN LEGISLATION AND PRACTICE https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6725 <p>Through this paper we aim to explore the criminological aspects of Macedonian <br>legislation regarding stalking, with a special focus on its practice. Characterized by constant <br>and unwanted attention, surveillance and harassment, stalking often stems from power <br>dynamics and gender inequality, disproportionately affecting women. This widespread <br>problem results in serious psychological, emotional and physical consequences for victims. <br>This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive review of existing Macedonian laws, a <br>comparative analysis with international legal frameworks, contains qualitative data from victim <br>testimonies and interviews with experts to identify critical gaps in current legal provisions and <br>enforcement mechanisms.<br>With the help of this paper, we would emphasize the need for legislative reforms that <br>include clearer definitions, tougher penalties and improved safeguards. Also recommending <br>public awareness campaigns to educate the population about stalking and encourage reporting, as well as specialized training for police and court officials to deal more effectively <br>with stalking cases.</p> Leona Dimova Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 146 155 CHANGES TO CHAPTER XIX IN THE CRIMINAL CODE OF RNM FROM 2023 IN A COMPARATIVE ASPECT https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6726 <p>Criminal law in North Macedonia is regulated through the Criminal Code, which entered <br>into force in 1996. But over the years, the Criminal Code has been amended and changed. <br>The latest changes include the changes approved and entered into force in 2023 where the <br>Criminal Code underwent changes that not only affected the legal personality, but also the <br>sanctions of the crimes. At the beginning of 2023, three major changes were made regarding <br>the content of the Code, which initially materialized the criminal acts in terms of international <br>legal assistance. Then we have the changes of many crimes from the chapter Crimes against sexual freedom and sexual morality, and the last changes approved in September fall under <br>the chapter Crimes against official duty.<br>The changes that were quite felt on the legal side were those of sexual crimes. In North <br>Macedonia, sexual crimes are criminalized in Chapter XIX, Crimes against sexual freedom <br>and sexual morality. And the procedure that is conducted to shed light on these crimes is <br>regulated by the Law on Criminal Procedure.<br>Sexual crimes are usually understood as all criminal acts that threaten and attack a <br>person's sexual integrity and morals. The protected subject of the acts included in this chapter <br>is the freedom of the person in gender relations.</p> Era Gjakova Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 156 164 Table of content https://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/sssj/article/view/6727 <p>Table of Content</p> Natasa Doneva Copyright (c) 2024 Student's Social Science Journal 2024-08-09 2024-08-09 17 17 1 5