Fluoride Content and Dependence on other Elements in some Geotermal Waters in Republic of Macedonia
Abstract
The paper presents the results obtained for the fluoride content in some geothermal waters in Republic of Macedonia. The results made it possible to determine the dependence between fluoride and other chemical elements in the geothermal water. Fluoride content was determined with jon-analyser (EA 920 ORION) and Ion selective electrode for detection of trace fluoride. For chemical analysis was used 10% TISAB Alumina. Samples were collected in plastic bottles and kept in dark place not longer than two months. Examination on other chemical elements was carried out with AES-ICP. First, the samples were filtered and preserved with HNO3.Downloads
References
Allmann R. and Koritnig S., 1974: Fluorine. In: Wedepohl, K.H. (editor), Handbook of Geochemistry, vol. II/1. Berlin, Heidelberg; Springer Verlag,
Alagumuthu G. and Rajan M., 2008: Monitoring of fluoride concentration in ground water of Kadayamblock of Tirunel Velidistrict, India, Correlation with physic– chemical parameters Rasayan J. Chem., 1 (4),757–765, (2008).
Deshmukh A. N. and Maple D. B., 1996: Fluorine in environment, Special publication, Gondwana geological
Society, Bagpur, pp 1–13.
Frencken J. E. (editor), 1992: Endemic Fluorosis in developing countries, causes, effects and possible solutions. Publication number 91.082, NIPG–TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands,
Gaciri S. J., and T. C. Davies, 1993: The occurrence and geochemistry of fluoride in some natural waters of Kenya. J. Hydrol. (Amst), 143, 395–412.
Handa B. K., 1975: Ground Water, Volume 13, Issue 3, pages 275–281, Karthikeyan G, A. Shunmugasundarraj, 2008: Fluoride, 33, 121–127
Lottermoser B. G., and Cleverley J. S., 2007: Controls on the genesis of a high–fluoride thermal spring: Innot Hot Springs, North Queensland. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54 (4). pp. 597–607. ISSN 1440–0952
Hem, J. D., 1989: Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water [3d ed]: U.S. Geological Survey Water –Supply Paper, 2254–263 p
Sharma S. K. 2003: High fluoride in ground water crippleslife in parts of India, Diffuse Pollutation Conference Dublin 2003.
USNRC 1993 Health effects of Ingested fluoride, United States national research Council national Academy Press
Washington.
USPHS, 1991: Review fluoride benefits and risks. report of ad hoc subcommittee on fluoride. Committeeto coordinate Environmental health and related Program.