THE CONCEPT OF ILLEGAL PRODUCTION AND ILLEGAL TRADE ACCORDING TO MACEDONIAN POSITIVE LAW AND PRACTICE
Keywords:
illicit production, illicit trade, economic crime, customs authorities, corporate liability, consumer protection.Abstract
This paper analyzes the concept of illicit production and illicit trade as significant forms of economic crime within the framework of Macedonian positive law. Special emphasis is placed on their definition, theoretical foundations, and position within business criminal law.
The paper examines the normative framework established by the Criminal Code and related special laws in order to identify the legal basis for the criminalization and sanctioning of these offenses. Through an analysis of judicial practice, the most common forms of occurrence,
evidentiary challenges, and trends in penal policy are identified. Particular attention is given to the role of inspection and customs authorities as key actors in detecting and prosecuting these criminal activities. The findings indicate that illicit production and trade pose a serious
threat to economic security, fiscal stability, and consumer protection. framework exists, its practical implementation faces certain challenges, especially regarding evidence and the liability of legal entities. The paper highlights the need for improved institutional coordination and strengthened capacities to ensure a more effective fight against economic crime.
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