ONE FACTORIAL ANOVA IN ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN VULNERABLE AREA OF AGRICULTURE POLLUTION
Abstract
Arsenic polluted groundwater was found in the Strumica region located in the south-east part of the Republic of Macedonia where an intensive agriculture production is concentrated on the area of around 1000 km2. Out of 185 samples collected from boreholes, 64 samples have arsenic in concentrations greater than 10 µg/L, from which 30 samples have a concentration greater than 50 µg/L with a maximum concentration of 176.56 µg/L. Pollution mostly occurs in the groundwater located in the central part of the valley characterized by alluvial plains and young aquifer. Around 57% of the polluted samples have origin from deep groundwater with a depth greater than 40 m. Reductive environment, high Fe, Mn, HCO3- concentrations as well as low SO42- and NO3- content in polluted samples suggests that reductive dissolution is a major mechanism by which arsenic is released into the groundwater. Highly polluted samples are characterized by high concentrations of Mn and Fe. Other investigated ions are present in low concentrations. Single factorial ANOVA showed significant differences between As concentrations in shallow and deep groundwater. Multivariate factor analysis was performed to identify the covariance structure between the investigated variables. Arsenic was positively correlated to HCO3- and Mn in shallow groundwater and with HCO3-, Ca, and Mn in deep groundwater suggesting that arsenic is mobilized in groundwater by reductive dissolution of Mn oxides from the bedrock.
References
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Armienta, M.A., Rodriguez, R., Cruz, O., Aguayo, A., Ceniceros, N., Villasenor, G., Ongley, L.K. & Mango, H. (2005). Environmental behavior of arsenic in a mining zone: Zimapan, Mexico in Natural Arsenic in Groundwater: Occurrence, Remediation and Management. Taylor and Francis.
Bednar, A.J., Garbarino, J.R., Ranville, J.F., & Wildeman, T.R. (2002). Presence of organoarsenicals used in cotton production in agricultural water and soil of the southern United States. J Agric Food Chem. 50(25), 7340-4.
Berg, M., Tran, H.C., Nguyen, T.C., Pham, H.V., Schertenleib, R. & Giger W. (2001). Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: A human health threat. Environmental Science and Technology. 36, 1705 – 1711.
Bernard, D. W. (1983). Arsenic leachate from an abandoned smelter, Delero. Ontario, Canada. Papers of the International Conference on Groundwater and Man, 2, 29-41.
Bhattacharya, P., Frisbie, S.H., Smith, E., Naidu, R., Jacks, G., & Sarkar, B. (2002). Arsenic in the environment: A global perspective. In: Sarkar B (ed) Handbook of heavy metals in the environment. New York, Marcel Dekker.
Cai, Y., Cabrera, J.C., Georgiadis, M., & Jayachandran, K. (2002). Assessment of arsenic mobility in the soils of some golf courses in South Florida. Sci Total Environ. 291(1-3), 123-34.
Carter, S. (2008). Technical Report on the Copper Gold Resources on the Ilovitza Project, Macedonia, NI 43-101. Broad Oak Associates, Toronto, Canada.
Chakraborti, D., Biswas, B.K., Chowdhury, S.R. & Rathore K.C. (1999). Arsenic groundwater contamination and sufferings of people in Rajnandgaon district, Madhya Pradesh, India. Current Science, 77, 502 – 504.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 350.2, 1974. Nitrogen, Ammonia (Colorimetric, titrimetric, potentiometric distillation procedure). Approved for NPDES. Editorial revision 1974.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 352.1, 1971. Nitrogen, Nitrate (Colorimetric, Brucine). Approved for NPDES and SDWA (Issued 1971).
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 354.1, 1971. Nitrogen, Nitrite (Spectrophotometric). Approved for NPDES (Issued 1971).
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Method 375.4, 1978. Sulfate (Turbidimetric). Approved for NPDES. Editorial revision 1978.
Gorgieva, M. (1989). Chemical geothermometers and mineral equilibria of some hot waters in Yugoslavia. Report UNU Geothermal Training Programme.
Gorgieva, M., Gorgiev, D., Popovski, K., Dimitrov, K., & Manasov, S., (2000). Inferred section of the main (low-temperature) geothermal systems in the Republic of Macedonia. World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu - Tohoku, Japan. Proceedings: 3421-3425.
Grantham, D.A. & Jones, J.F. (1977). Arsenic contamination of water wells in Nova Scotia. J Am Water Works Assoc, 69, 653-657.
Ivanova, Š. & Ambarkova, V., (2015). Geochemical assessment of some natural waters from eastern and south-eastern Macedonia. Geologica Macedonica, 29(1), 5–14.
Jiang, Q.Q., & Singh, B. R. (1994). Effect of different forms and sources of arsenic on crop yield and arsenic concentration. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 74, 321-343.
Johnston, D., (2007). EPA Guidelines: Regulatory monitoring and testing Groundwater sampling. Environmental Protection Agency. ISBN 978-1-921125-48-5.
Kabata-Pendias, A. & Mukherjee, B. A., (2007). Trace elements from soil to human. ISpringer Berlin Heidelberg New York. SBN-10 3-540-32713-4
Komnitsas, K., Xenidis, A. & Adam, K. (1995). Oxidation of pyrite and arsenopyrite in sulpidic spoils in Lavrion. Minerals Engineering, 40, 243 – 250.
Mirčovski, V., Boev, B. & Ristevski, P. (2014). Heavy and toxic metals in the groundwater of the Prilep region from the Pelagonia valley. Geologica Macedonica, 28(1), 93-98.
Pandey, P.K., Yadav, S., Nair, S. & Bhui, A. (2002). Arsenic contamination of the environment – A new perspective from central- east India. Environment International, 28, 235 – 245.
Polya, D.A., Gault, A.G., Diebe, N., Feldman, P., Rosenboom, J.W., Gilligan, E., Fredericks, D., Milton, A.H., Sampson, M., Rowland, H.A.L., Lythgoe, P.R., Jones, J.C., Middleton, C. & Cooke, D.A. (2005). Arsenic hazard in shallow Cambodian groundwaters. Mineralogical magazine, 69, 807 – 823.
Rakicevik, T., & Pendzerkoski, J., (1973). Descriptor for Basic geological card of SFRJ. 1:100 000, list Strumica. Geological department, Skopje 1-69. [Ma]
Ravenscroft, P., Brammer, H. & Richards, K. (2009). Arsenic Pollution: A Global Synthesis. RGS - IBG Book Series. A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication. ISBN: 978-1-405-18602-5.
Robinson, B., Outred, H., Brooks, R. & Kirkman, J. (1995). The distribution and fate of arsenic in the Waikato River System, North Island, New Zeland. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 7, 89 – 96.
Rosas, I., Belmont, R., Armienta, A. & Baez, A. (1999). Arsenic concentration in water, soil, milk and forage in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico. Water Air and Soil pollution. 112, 133-149.
Sawyer, N.G & McCartly, D.L., (1967). Chemistry of sanitary engineers. 2nd edition, McGraw Hill, New York.
Smedeley, P.L., Knudsen, J. & Maiga, D. (2007). Arsenic in groundwater from mineralized Proterozoic basement rock of Burkina Faso. Applied Geochemistry, 22, 1074 – 1092.
Smedley, P.L., & Kinniburgh, D.G (2002). A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry. 17, 517 – 568.
Smedley, P.L., Kinniburgh, D.G., Macdonald, D.M.J., Nicolli, H.B., Barros, A.J., Tullio, J.O., Perace, J.M. & Alonso, M.S (2005). Arsenic associations in sediments from the loess aquifers from La Pampa, Argentina. Applied Geochemistry, 20, 989 – 1016.
StatSoft, Inc. (2011). STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 10.
Swedlund, P.J. & Webster, J.G., (1998). Arsenic removal from geothermal bore waters: the effect of mono-silicic acid in Water – Rock Interaction. Arehart, G.B. and Hulston J.R. (editors). (Rotterdam: Balkema).
Thornton, I. (1994). Sources and pathways of arsenic in south-west England: health implications in Arsenic Exposure and Health. Chappell, W R, Abernathy, CO and Cothern C R (editors), Nortwood, England: Science and Technology Letters.
Twarakavi, N. K. C., Kaluarachchi, J. J. (2006). Arsenic in the shallow ground waters of conterminous United States: assessment, health risks, and costs for MCL compliance. Journal of American Water Resources Association 42 (2), 275–294.
Welch, A.H., Westjohn, D.B., Helsel, D.R. & Wanty, R.B. (2000). Arsenic in groundwater of the United States: occurrence and geochemistry. Groundwater, 38, 589 – 604.
Wiegand, GE. (1999). Preliminary Report: Environmental Quality Monitoring for Pesticides and Arsenic at Five Municipal Golf Courses in Miami-Dade County; Florida.
Wilkie, J.A. & Hering, J.G. (1998). Rapid oxidation of geothermal arsenic (III) in stream waters of the eastern Sierra Nevada. Environmental Science and Tecnology, 32, 657 – 662.
Williams, M., Fordyce, F., Paijitprapapon, A. & Charoenchaisiri, P. (1996). Arsenic contamination in surface drainage and groundwater in part of the southeast Asian tin belt, Nakhon Si Thammart Province, southern Thailnad. Environmental Geology, 27, 16 -33.
UNECE (2011) Second Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters (2020, August 15). Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved from http://www.unece.org.
Published
2022-01-20
Section
Articles
