Gnomonia Leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. et de Not. causer of walnut anthracnose in the east part of the Republic of Macedonia

  • Ilija Karov University of Goce Delcev - Stip
  • Sasa Mitrev
  • Biljana Kovacevik University of Goce Delcev - Stip
  • Zornitsa Stojanova
  • Emilija Kostadinovska
  • Rosica Rodeva

Abstract

The anthracnose is one of the most destructive diseases of walnut (Juglans regia L.) worldwide. The causal agent is an ascomycetous fungus (Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. et de Not.) (anamorph Marssonina juglandis (Lib.) Magn.). In the last years symptoms of the disease were observed with increasing frequency in Macedonia. The leaves, nuts, and occasionally shoots were affected. Leaf spots were dark brown, more or less circular and often coalesced forming larger dead areas. Black minute fruiting bodies called acervuli developed more abundantly on the under side than on the upper side of leaflets and produced a lot of conidia. Conidia were colorless, usually crescent-shaped, rounded at one end and tapered at the other and divided by septa into two approximately equal cells. The severe attack caused defoliation in infected trees. The spots on the walnut husks were sunken and smaller than on the leaves. Early infection could lead to fruit deformation and they prematurely dropped. In the spring the perfect or sexual fungus G. leptostyla was found on fallen overwintered walnut leaves. Perithecia with long necks discharged numerous asci with ascospores serving as primary inoculum. Ascospores were hyaline, fusiform and bicelullar. Our results showed that both stages were involved in the disease under climatic condition of Macedonia. Collecting and burning or plowing the infected plant materials would aid in the control of this disease.

References

Anselmi, N., Mazzaglia, A., Scaramuccia, L., De Pace, C. (2005) Resistance attitude of Juglans regia L. provenances towards anthracnose (Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. et de Not.). Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 705, 409-416.

Apostolides, C.A. (1952) Annales de l'Institut Phytopathologique Benaki, 6, 2, 62-78.

Arnaudov, V.A., Gandev, S.I. (2009) Susceptibility of some walnut cultivars to Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. et de Not. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 825, 407-412.

Balaž, J., Korać, M., Cerović, S. (1991) Osetljivost genotipova oraha prema Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr) Ces. de Not. prouzrokovaču lisne pegavosti. Jugoslovensko Voćarstvo, 25, 1-2, 91-94.

Barić, L., Diminić, D., Glavaš, M., Hrašovec, B. (2008) Zdravstveno stanje drveca u gradu Pakracus posebnim osvrtom na bolesti I štetnike lišca. Radovi - Šumarski Institut Jastrebarsko, 43, 1, 59-70.

Belisario, А., Scotton, М., Santori, А., Onofri, S. (2008). Variability in the Italian population of Gnomonia leptostyla, homothalism and resistance of Juglans species to anthracnose. Forest Pathology, 38, 2, 129-145.

CAB International (2013) Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, 1986, October (Edition 3), pp Map 384.

Dimova, M. (2001). Anthacnose on walnut. Agricultural University-Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Scientific Work, XLVI, 3, 269-274 (Bg).

Dimova, M. (2003) Walnut anthracnose (Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces et de Not) - Ph.D. Thesis, 129 p. (Bg).

Kessler, K.J., Jr. (1988) Walnut anthracnose. In: Burde, E.L., ed. Walnut notes. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

Malkov, K. (1905) Annual report of Research Station in Sadovo for 1904 (Bg).

Malkov, K. (1906) A contribution to the parasitic fungi in Bulgaria. Works of the Bulgarian Naturalist Society, 3 (Bg).

Mitrović, M., Miletić, R., Rakicević, M. Blagojević, M., Glišić, I. (2007) Biological and pomological properties of some walnut selections from the native population. Genetika, 39, 1, 39-46.

Nakova, M., Dimova, M. (2003) Anthracnose disease (Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. et de Not) on walnuts – chemicals for control. Plan Science (Sofia), 40, 366-369.

Neely, D. (1986). Total leaf nitrogen correlated with walnut anthracnose resistance. Journal of Arboriculture, 12, 12, 312-315.

Rosnev, B., Petkov, P. 1986. Pathologic causes for deteriorating the state of health of certain coniferous plantations in Bulgaria. Nauka za gorata, 23, 3, 74-82 (Bg).

Rosnev, B., Tsanova, P. 1980. On the distribution and control of anthracnose to reduce damage from it in walnut (Juglans regia L.) in the country. Forestry Science, 3, 44-55 (Bg).

Saremi, H., Amiri, M.E. (2010) Evaluation of resistance to anthracnose (Marssonina juglandis) among diverse Iranian clones of walnut (Juglans regia L.). Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8, 2, 375-378.

Sogonov, M.V., Castlebury, L.A., Rossman, A.Y., Mejia, L.C., White, J.F. (2008) Leaf-inhabiting genera of the Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales. Studies in Mycology, 62, 1-79.

Solar, A. Štampar, F. (2005) Evaluation of some perspective walnut genotypes in Slovenia. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 705, 131-136.

Trifonov, D. (1962) Walnut anthracnose (Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. et de Not). Plant Protection, 10, 1, 21-32 (Bg).

Walker, M.D., Castdebury, A.L., Sogonov, V.M., White, F.J. (2010) Systematics of genus Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) based on a three gene phylogeny, host associations and morphology. Mycologia, 102, 6, 1479-1496.

Државен завод за статистика на РМ (2011) Статистички преглед: Земјоделство 5.4.12.01/711.

Published
2015-02-05

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>